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Air pollution is a significant and widespread issue that presents serious challenges for both human health and the environment because of the presence of a variety of harmful substances in the air, such as tropospheric ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). In this research, the aim is to evaluate the current evidence for the harmful effects of air pollution on human health, focusing on tropospheric ozone, and to highlight the need for further research in the future. The objective is to evaluate recent data on the respiratory and cardiovascular risks caused by air pollution, the potential association between climate change due to air pollution and human disorders, and the subsequent economic burden. A systematic search of the literature is conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and regulatory reports (EPA), focusing on peer-reviewed studies, epidemiological analyses, and clinical and experimental studies. The key findings indicate that O3 exposure contributes to inflammatory lung injury and to the worsening of preexisting conditions like asthma and COPD, is associated with cancer, and also has numerous negative impacts on neurological, metabolic, and reproductive health, combined with increased healthcare costs. These findings highlight the significance of O3 pollution as a major public health concern, emphasizing the need for immediate measures to decrease emissions and effective policies to protect the climate and the health of the individuals.

The increasing availability of data from electronic health records in healthcare organizations and systems has made it feasible to assess the relationship between various environmental parameters (e.g., pollution levels, meteorological data), hospital admissions, morbidity, and mortality associated with lung diseases. This study aimed to assess the correlation between air pollution levels and respiratory function parameters in patients with chronic obstructive lung diseases residing in various regions of the Attica Basin, Greece. Air pollution measurements were obtained from the Department of Atmospheric Quality of the Greek Ministry of Environment and Energy. In particular, data from daily bulletins and air pollution measurements were utilized. Numerical averages were calculated across all monitoring stations. The analysis revealed statistically significant negative correlations between the concentrations of tropospheric ozone (O₃), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM₁₀) and the respiratory parameters forced vital capacity (FVC%pred), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁%pred), forced mid-expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of FVC (FEF pred), and peak expiratory flow (PEF%pred) on the day of examination (Day 0). Air pollution measurements were found to be significantly and negatively correlated with lung function parameters. Specifically, increased concentrations of O , CO, SO , NO , and PM  were significantly associated with lower values of the measured lung function parameters. Climate change may significantly affect future levels of O  and the other air pollutants studied in this work. Many regions may face substantial increases in their concentrations, despite the implementation of emission reduction measures. This study clearly highlights the adverse effects of the examined air pollutants on key lung function parameters associated with obstructive lung diseases.