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Volcanic degassing of planetary interiors has important implications for their corresponding atmospheres. The oxidation state of rocky interiors affects the volatile partitioning during mantle melting and subsequent volatile speciation near the surface. Here we show that the mantle redox state is central to the chemical composition of atmospheres while factors such as planetary mass, thermal state, and age mainly affect the degassing rate. We further demonstrate that mantle oxygen fugacity has an effect on atmospheric thickness and that volcanic degassing is most efficient for planets between 2 and 4 Earth masses. We show that outgassing of reduced systems is dominated by strongly reduced gases such as H 2 , with only smaller fractions of moderately reduced/oxidised gases ( CO , H 2 O ). Overall, a reducing scenario leads to a lower atmospheric pressure at the surface and to a larger atmospheric thickness compared to an oxidised system. Atmosphere predictions based on interior redox scenarios can be compared to observations of atmospheres of rocky exoplanets, potentially broadening our knowledge on the diversity of exoplanetary redox states.

The C-H-O-N-S elements that constitute the outgassed atmosphere and exosphere have likely been delivered by chondritic materials to the Earth during planetary accretion and subsequently processed over billions of years of planetary differentiation. Although these elements are generally considered to be volatile, a large part of the accreted C-H-O-N-S on Earth must have been sequestered in the core and mantle, with the remaining part concentrated at the Earth’s surface (exosphere: atmosphere + ocean + crust ). The likely reason for this is that, depending on the prevailing pressure (P), temperature (T) and oxidation state (oxygen fugacity, fO 2 ) in the planet’s interior, the C-H-O-N-S elements can behave as siderophile, lithophile, refractory, magmatophile, or atmophile. It is not clear if these elements might be sequestered in the interiors of planets elsewhere, since the governing parameters of P-T-fO 2 during the diverse magmatic processes controlling magmatic differentiation vary greatly over time and from planet to planet. The magma ocean outgassed the first atmosphere, which was probably also the largest in terms of mass, but its nature and composition remain poorly known. Meanwhile, a significant, but unknown, part of the accreted C-H-O-N-S elements was sequestered in the core. These will probably never be liberated into the atmosphere. A secondary atmosphere was then fuelled by volcanism, driven by mantle convection and most likely enhanced by plate tectonics. The Earth still has active volcanism, and the volume and volatile contents of its magma are closely linked to geodynamics. Earth’s volcanoes have long emitted relatively oxidized gases, in contrast to Mars and Mercury. Mantle oxidation state seems to increase with planetary size, although the role of plate tectonics in changing the Earth’s mantle oxidation state remains poorly understood. Water contents of magma from elsewhere in the solar system are not so different from those produced by the Earth’s depleted mantle. Other elements (e.g. N, S, C) are unevenly distributed. A great diversity of speciation and quantity of magmatic gas emitted is found in planetary systems, with the key inputs being: 1 – degassing of the magma ocean, 2 – mantle oxidation state (and its evolution), and 3 – plate tectonics (vs. other styles of mantle convection). Many other parameters can affect these three inputs, of which planetary size is probably one of the most important.

The period of Khan Zhangir’s rule over the Inner Horde of Kazakhs (1824-1845) provides an extraordinary case study to demonstrate the potential of an entangled history of metropolis and periphery in the Russian Empire. The concept of colonialism, clearly applicable to other peripheries in the Tsarist Empire since the 18th century, is suitable only to a limited extent for describing this relationship. Rather, with the Inner Horde being politically autonomous in the first half of the 19th century, the roles were blurred when the Kazakh Khan pursued Russian civilisational policies to improve the living conditions of the Kazakh community and to strengthen the political and cultural independence of the Inner Horde while Russian troops helped him to crush inner-Kazakh resistance. Although ego-documents are lacking, contemporary observers stress that Khan Zhangir did not see himself as a stooge of the Tsarist side. Rather, he was perceived as an independent and enlightened actor. His numerous political initiatives, which did not necessarily align with Russian interests, also testify to his agency. These initiatives were aimed at creating educational opportunities for Kazakhs, continued with the establishment of a rudimentary health system and reached their greatest political relevance when he set out to build a capital for the Inner Horde that was to reflect Kazakhstan’s cultural heritage and become its spiritual, trading and administrative center. Khan Zhangir apparently envisioned a cultural-political autonomy for the Inner Horde under the umbrella of the empire. This vision does neither fit the criteria of colonialism as outlined by Osterhammel, nor does it represent the roots of a national state, even if the latter has become the dominant narrative since 1991.

The period of Khan Zhangir’s rule over the Inner Horde of Kazakhs (1824-1845) provides an extraordinary case study to demonstrate the potential of an entangled history of metropolis and periphery in the Russian Empire. The concept of colonialism, clearly applicable to other peripheries in the Tsarist Empire since the 18th century, is suitable only to a limited extent for describing this relationship. Rather, with the Inner Horde being politically autonomous in the first half of the 19th century, the roles were blurred when the Kazakh Khan pursued Russian civilisational policies to improve the living conditions of the Kazakh community and to strengthen the political and cultural independence of the Inner Horde while Russian troops helped him to crush inner-Kazakh resistance. Although ego-documents are lacking, contemporary observers stress that Khan Zhangir did not see himself as a stooge of the Tsarist side. Rather, he was perceived as an independent and enlightened actor. His numerous political initiatives, which did not necessarily align with Russian interests, also testify to his agency. These initiatives were aimed at creating educational opportunities for Kazakhs, continued with the establishment of a rudimentary health system and reached their greatest political relevance when he set out to build a capital for the Inner Horde that was to reflect Kazakhstan’s cultural heritage and become its spiritual, trading and administrative center. Khan Zhangir apparently envisioned a cultural-political autonomy for the Inner Horde under the umbrella of the empire. This vision does neither fit the criteria of colonialism as outlined by Osterhammel, nor does it represent the roots of a national state, even if the latter has become the dominant narrative since 1991.

Magmatic volatile release was crucial for the build‐up and composition of the early atmosphere and thus for the origin and evolution of life. Even though the rate of intrusive to extrusive magma production on Earth is high, intrusive volatile release is commonly neglected in studies modeling the composition of the early atmosphere. This can mainly be attributed to the solubility of volatiles like H2O and CO2. The solubility is increasing with depth and thus is thought to prevent the release of these volatiles. However, due to the accumulation of H2O and CO2 within the melt during fractional crystallization, the solubility can be exceeded even at greater depths. In our study, we developed a novel numeric model to quantify the amount of H2O and CO2 that can be released from an intrusive system if we consider the process of fractional crystallization. Additionally, we take the possibility of melt ascent and the formation of hydrous minerals into account. According to our simulations, the release of H2O and CO2 from an intrusive magma body is possible within the whole lithosphere. However, the release strongly depends on the initial volatile budget, the formation of hydrous phases, the depth of the intrusion and the buoyancy of the melt. Considering all these factors, our study suggests that about 0%–85% H2O and 100% CO2 can be released from mafic intrusions. This renders the incorporation of the intrusive volatile release mandatory in order to determine the volatile fluxes and the composition of early Earth's atmosphere. Key Points In our model, we quantify the release of H2O and CO2 from a magma body and its significance for early Earth We examine the effect of fractional crystallization on the solubility and release of volatiles We consider the buoyancy of the melt and the formation of hydrous minerals

The short article argues for revitalizing historical research to questions of the longue durée and, in analogy to the New Imperial History, considers the emergence of a New National History possible. Above all, the article calls for a continued decolonialisation of Russian history and, in this context, also for a strengthening of the Ukraine and Belarus focus in research, teaching and language mediation as well as in the form of a German Historical Institute in Kyiv.

Dynamics on networks is often only partially observable in experiment, with many nodes being inaccessible or indeed the existence and properties of a larger unobserved network being unknown. This limits our ability to reconstruct the topology of the network and the strength of the interactions among even the observed nodes. Here, we show how machine learning inspired by physics can be utilized on noisy time series of such partially observed networks to determine which nodes of the observed part of a network form its boundary, i.e. have significant interactions with the unobserved part. This opens a route to reliable network reconstruction. We develop the method for arbitrary network dynamics and topologies and demonstrate it on a broad range of dynamics including non-linear coupled oscillators and chaotic attractors. Beyond these we focus in particular on biochemical reaction networks, where we apply the approach to the dynamics of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) network and show that it works even for substantial noise levels.

Calcite and aragonite seas are commonly distinguished based on the prevailing primary mineralogy of ooids and carbonate cements over time. Secular oscillations of these seas are usually attributed to changes in ocean chemistry and paleoclimate. While the veracity of such oscillations has been verified by independent data and modeling approaches, the timing of the transition from one ocean state to the other remains poorly resolved. Here, the timing of the last aragonite–calcite sea transition is estimated by assessing the preservation of Early Jurassic ooids from the Trento Platform in northern Italy. Point counting of ooid-bearing limestones from four distinct stratigraphic levels provides a contrasting pattern: Hettangian and Sinemurian ooids are all poorly preserved and were probably predominantly originally aragonitic, whereas Pliensbachian and Toarcian ooids are excellently preserved, suggesting a primary calcitic mineralogy. Although calcitic ooids may have already been common in the Late Triassic, it is proposed that the last aragonite–calcite sea transition occurred in the Early Jurassic between the Sinemurian and Pliensbachian, at least in this subtropical region. Therefore, the selective extinction of aragonite-secreting organisms at the end-Triassic mass extinction cannot be attributed to secular changes in ocean chemistry.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancer types with poor treatment options. Better detection of early symptoms and relevant disease correlations could improve pancreatic cancer prognosis. In this retrospective study, we used symptom and disease codes (ICD-10) from the Danish National Patient Registry (NPR) encompassing 6.9 million patients from 1994 to 2018,, of whom 23,592 were diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. The Danish cancer registry included 18,523 of these patients. To complement and compare the registry diagnosis codes with deeper clinical data, we used a text mining approach to extract symptoms from free text clinical notes in electronic health records (3078 pancreatic cancer patients and 30,780 controls). We used both data sources to generate and compare symptom disease trajectories to uncover temporal patterns of symptoms prior to pancreatic cancer diagnosis for the same patients. We show that the text mining of the clinical notes was able to complement the registry-based symptoms by capturing more symptoms prior to pancreatic cancer diagnosis. For example, ‘Blood pressure reading without diagnosis’, ‘Abnormalities of heartbeat’, and ‘Intestinal obstruction’ were not found for the registry-based analysis. Chaining symptoms together in trajectories identified two groups of patients with lower median survival (<90 days) following the trajectories ‘Cough→Jaundice→Intestinal obstruction’ and ‘Pain→Jaundice→Abnormal results of function studies’. These results provide a comprehensive comparison of the two types of pancreatic cancer symptom trajectories, which in combination can leverage the full potential of the health data and ultimately provide a fuller picture for detection of early risk factors for pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancer types. Scientists predict it will become the second largest cause of cancer-related deaths in 2030. It has few or no symptoms at early stages and often goes undetected for an extended period. As a result, patients are often diagnosed at an advanced stage when they have few treatment options and lower survival rates. Only 11 percent of patients with pancreatic cancer survive five years past their diagnosis. Earlier detection and surgery to remove the tumor increase patient survival to 42% at five years. Those who undergo surgery at the earliest stage have an 84% survival rate at five years. Developing ways to screen for and detect pancreatic cancer early could improve patient survival. Identifying early symptoms is critical. So far, studies show links between weight loss, abdominal pain, lower back pain, and new-onset diabetes and pancreatic cancer. But clinicians often overlook these symptoms or do not associate them with cancer. National health registries may be data sources that scientists can use to zoom in on early pancreatic symptoms and create alerts for clinicians. Hjaltelin, Novitski et al. identified potential pancreatic cancer symptoms using patient registry data and electronic health records. Hjaltelin, Novitski et al. extracted potential pancreatic cancer-related disease or symptom trajectories from 7 million patients listed in the Danish National Patient Registry. They also scoured clinical notes in 34,000 patients’ electronic health records for symptoms. The electronic health records yielded more promising symptoms than the registry. But both data sources produced complementary information. The analysis showed that some symptoms, like jaundice, were associated with higher survival rates because they may lead to earlier diagnosis. The data so far suggest that symptoms leading up to a pancreatic cancer diagnosis may be nonspecific and not occur in a particular order. As the cancer progresses, symptoms may become more specific and severe. Further assessment of the study’s results is necessary. Tools like artificial intelligence or advanced text mining may allow scientists identify more definitive early symptom trajectories and help clinicians identify patients earlier.