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Hydrogeochemical controlling variables for the high rate of groundwater contamination in a shallow hard rock aquifer of the semi-arid region of Medchal District, Telangana State, South India, and its associated health risk to children and adults were studied in detail. A total of 56 groundwater samples were analysed for major ion chemistry in pre- and post-monsoon seasons in 2019 year. Spatial distribution, hydrochemical facies, water–rock interaction, health risk assessment, carcinogenic risk, and principal component analyses were carried out to assess the water quality. Spatial distribution of nitrate and fluoride concentrations, high values were observed in the northern, southern, central, and south-western parts of the region. In terms of NO3−, about 88% and 63% and for F− 45% and 32% of the groundwater samples are non-acceptable limits of nitrate 45 mg/l and fluoride 1.5 mg/l during pre- and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Modified Gibb’s plot showed the majority of the area is dominated by rock dominance and evaporation mechanisms. Statistical analysis reveals that water chemistry is governed by weathering of feldspar minerals and the cation exchange reaction mechanism. The petro-graphical studies revealed the dominance of plagioclase, orthoclase, quartz, biotite, apatite, and hornblende minerals in the host rock. The factor analysis results reveal that the geogenic and anthropogenic activities contribute to groundwater chemistry. Health risk assessment was carried out by calculating the hazard quotient (HQ) on the basis of intake exposure of groundwater, as per the USEPA. Results were obtained for total hazard index value greater than 1 for adults and children, which causes non-cancerous health effects.

Abatement of water pollution is being a major concern to be dealt with, as the scarcity of water for basic needs of human beings is increasing drastically. As a part of diminishing water pollution, treatment of industrial wastewater prior to disposal plays a paramount role. Due to the typical characteristics of pesticide, intermediate industrial waste water the treatment is also challenging issue. In this study three different sequential methodologies (Methodology-I: combined rotavapour distillation, fenton and anaerobic biological process, Methodology-II: combined rotavapour distillation, photo fenton and anaerobic biological process, Methodology-III combined coagulation, fenton, electro oxidation and anaerobic biological process) has been evaluated for the treatment of pesticide intermediate industrial wastewater. Among the three sequential methodologies opted in this study for the treatment of pesticide intermediate industrial wastewater, percentage removal of COD was 95% in methodology-1 (i.e. combined rotavapor distillation, fenton and anaerobic biological treatment).

Triclosan is an antibacterial and antifungal agent present in a wide range of personal care products, including toothpaste, soaps, detergents, and surgical and surface cleaning agents. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the toxic potential of Triclosan (TCS) on human health, plants, and the environment, and it has been reported to be an endocrine disruptor. This study addresses the removal efficiency of TCS using nano-zerovalent iron (nZVI), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and carbon filter. Wherein, nZVI is synthesized by an environmentally benign method, i.e., using Camellia Sinensis (Tea) extract used as a reducing agent and carbon filter is prepared by coating MWCNTs onto the cotton cloth. Removal efficiency has been studied for TCS at different operational parameters such as concentrations of TCS from (5 to 20 ppm), dosages of nZVI and dosage of MWCNTs (0.05–0.3 g/l) and pH (3–11). Results of this study indicate that, till a concentration of 5 ppm, 0.1 g/lit dosage of nZVI and MWCNTs has shown a removal efficiency of 97.07 and 100% at reaction time of 40 and 20 min, respectively. An incorporation carbon filter has been proven an efficient than dispersing MWCNTs in aqueous solutions. Graphic abstract

Now-a-days industrial wastewater treatment has been a major preventive step against the pollution of natural water resources. This wastewater contains different type of contaminants and it needs prior treatment for its discharge in to water body. This study deals with the treatment of pesticide intermediate industrial wastewaters using individual treatment processes such as fenton, photo-fenton, electro-oxidation, rotavapor distillation, and coagulation. Optimization of operational parameters such as reaction time and fenton reagent dosages in fenton process, coagulant dosage in coagulation, inter-electrode distance, reaction time and pH in electro-oxidation process had been carried out in this study for the optimal reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD). Using optimised dosages of fenton reagents FeSO 4 .7H 2 O of 0.1 g/l, H 2 O 2 of 1.75 g/l for 250 ml of sample (i.e. Fe +2 /H 2 O 2  = 0.050) in the fenton treatment of pesticide intermediate industrial wastewater an optimum COD. Removal of 51.1% was obtained at a reaction time of 180 min and at a pH of 3. Where as in photo-fenton process, an optimum COD removal of 53.33% was obtained at a reaction time of 180 min. Using rotavapor distillation, highest percentage removal of COD (62.22%) was obtained at a distillation temperature of 100 ℃. Graphic abstract

A sustainable and cost-effective approach of waste water management is biological treatment for reducing organic carbon, nitrate, and phosphate content. Co-culturing of algae with bacteria in wastewater leads to higher biomass yield and improvement in COD/nutrients removal compared to the single strain counterparts. In this study, a mathematical modeling framework is proposed to predict the dynamic behavior of microbial co-culture in dairy waste water. Initially, the model has been developed to predict the biomass growth and COD/nutrients removal with discrete cultures (algae and bacteria). As an extension of the single strain kinetic model, Lotka–Volterra model was formulated to explore the symbiotic relationship between algae and bacteria in a co-culture and the impact of the interactions on the COD/nutrients removal efficiency and growth dynamics. Supporting experiments were carried out in 6 parallel sets (3 sets with triplicates) with standalone algae (Chlorella vulgaris, CV), bacteria (activated sludge), and co-culture in real-time dairy liquid effluent in lab flasks and predicted values from modeling were validated against experimental findings. Statistical analysis confirms reasonably good agreement between the model predictions and experimental findings indicating a positive synergistic effect of the algae–bacterial co-culture on COD removal.

In the present study, an attempt has been made to grow microalgae Scenedesmus quadricauda , Chlorella vulgaris and Botryococcus braunii in mixotropic cultivation mode using two different substrates, i.e. sewage and glucose as organic carbon sources along with flue gas inputs as inorganic carbon source. The experiments were carried out in 500 ml flasks with sewage and glucose-enriched media along with flue gas inputs. The composition of the flue gas was 7 % CO 2 , 210 ppm of NO x and 120 ppm of SO x . The results showed that S. quadricauda grown in glucose-enriched medium yielded higher biomass, lipid and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) (biodiesel) yields of 2.6, 0.63 and 0.3 g/L, respectively. Whereas with sewage, the biomass, lipid and FAME yields of S. quadricauda were 1.9, 0.46, and 0.21 g/L, respectively. The other two species showed closer results as well. The glucose utilization was measured in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction, which was up to 93.75 % by S. quadricauda in the glucose-flue gas medium. In the sewage-flue gas medium, the COD removal was achieved up to 92 % by S. quadricauda . The other nutrients and pollutants from the sewage were removed up to 75 % on an average by the same. Concerning the flue gas treatment studies, S. quadricauda could remove CO 2 up to 85 % from the flue gas when grown in glucose medium and 81 % when grown in sewage. The SO x and NO x concentrations were reduced up to 50 and 62 %, respectively, by S. quadricauda in glucose-flue gas medium. Whereas, in the sewage-flue gas medium, the SO x and NO x concentrations were reduced up to 45 and 50 %, respectively, by the same. The other two species were equally efficient however with little less significant yields and removal percentages. This study laid emphasis on comparing the feasibility in utilization of readily available carbon sources like glucose and inexpensive leftover carbon sources like sewage by microalgae to generate energy coupled with economical remediation of waste. Therefore on an industrial scale, the sewage is more preferable. Because the results obtained in the laboratory demonstrated both sewage and glucose-enriched nutrient medium are equally efficient for algae cultivation with just a slight difference. Essentially, the sewage is cost effective and easily available in large quantities compared to glucose.

An efficient, scalable and high yielding process is developed for a neuromuscular blocking agent Rocuronium bromide 1 by studying various process parameters. The process involves simple work up and obviates column chromatography purification and usage of commercially unacceptable solvents.

To evaluate the reliability of using in situ frog intestinal perfusion technique for permeability assessment of carrier transported drugs which are also substrates for CYP enzymes. Single Pass Intestinal Perfusion (SPIP) studies were performed in frogs of the species Rana tigrina using established method for rats with some modifications after inducing anesthesia. Effective permeability coefficient (P eff) of losartan and midazolam was calculated in the presence and absence of inhibitors using the parallel-tube model. Peff of losartan when perfused alone was found to be 0.427 ± 0.27 × 10(-4)cm/s and when it was co-perfused with inhibitors, significant change in P eff was observed. Peff of midazolam when perfused alone was found to be 2.03 ± 0.07 × 10(-4)cm/s and when it was co-perfused with inhibitors, no significant change in P eff was observed. Comparison of P eff calculated in frog with that of other available models and also humans suggested that the P eff-values are comparable and reflected well with human intestinal permeability. It is possible to determine the P eff-value for compounds which are dual substrates of P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 using in situ frog intestinal perfusion technique. The calculated P eff-values correlated well with reported P eff-values of probe drugs. comparison of the P eff-value of losartan obtained with that of reported human's P eff and Caco 2 cell data, and comparison of the P eff-value of midazolam with that of reported rat's P eff, we could conclude that SPIP from model can be reliably used in preclinical studies for permeability estimation. This model may represent a valuable alternative to the low speed and high cost of conventional animal models (typically rodents) for the assessment of intestinal permeability.

This study demonstrated a technique to regenerate spent activated carbon using solvent desorption followed by thermal decomposition of pollutants. Dichloromethane is used as solvent for desorption and thermal reactor under inert (N 2 , CO 2 ) atmosphere used for thermal reactivation of the spent carbon. Physical, chemical, functional chemistry and thermal behavior of the samples before and after treatment are featured by means of pH, bulk density, moisture content, ash content, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric differential thermal analysis. The adsorptive property of the activated spent carbon is quantified using methylene blue and iodine as model compounds. After reactivation, methylene blue and iodine number adsorption is improved from 5 to 96 % and from 10 to 99 %, respectively. This regenerated carbon applied for paper mill and pharmaceutical effluents. 95 and 94 % of the COD reduction and color removal are observed by spent reactivated carbon.