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بقي هذا الكتاب، لأكثر من عقدين من الزمن، الكتاب المتقدم والرائد، والمرجع سهل الاستعمال في كيمياء الغذاء وتقنياته. وقد أعيدت كتابة طبعته حيث غطت المواضيع المتنوعة مثل التقصي عن الأكريلاميد. وعالجت بعمق مواضيع التحسس الغذائي (الأرجية الغذائية)، والمشروبات الكحولية، والستيرولات النباتية. وتمت المحافظة على السمات الثابتة في الطبعات السابقة إذ : تضمن الكتاب ما يزيد عن 600 جدول، و500 شكل توضيحي وما يقارب 1100 صيغة بنيوية للمكونات الغذائية. تم ترتيب الكتاب منطقيا حسب مركبات الغذاء وسلعه. ألحق بالكتاب فهرس موسع وشامل. تزود هذه الميزات الطالب والباحث في علوم الغذاء وتقانات الأغذية والكيمياء الزراعية والتغذية بنظرة ثاقبة في كيمياء الغذاء وتقنياته. تجعل هذه السمات مجتمعة هذا الكتاب مرجعا علميا نفيسا للكيميائيين، وكيميائيي الغذاء، وتقنيي ومهندسي الغذاء، والكيميائيين الحيويين، والتغذويين، ومحللي الغذاء الكيميائيين، والعاملين في البحوث الزراعية، والصناعات الغذائية، والتغذية، ومختبرات الرقابة الغذائية.

Antiskyrmions, in which the magnetization rotates both as a transverse helix and as a cycloid, are found in acentric tetragonal Heusler compounds over a wide range of temperatures. Magnetic appeal of antiskyrmions Skyrmions, topologically stable, vortex-like spin textures, are of great interest for the development of a new generation of magnetic devices, in which they could carry or store information while remaining robust against disturbances. So far, only two types of skyrmion have been observed experimentally, the Bloch skyrmion and the Néel skyrmion, but Stuart Parkin and colleagues have now observed another type to join the family: the antiskyrmion. These are observed in a type of magnetic material called a centric tetragonal Heusler compound, which has unusual crystal symmetry. An antiskyrmion lattice state appears when magnetic fields are applied along the tetragonal axis, over a wide temperature interval. Because antiskyrmions break the cylindrical symmetry and carry a quadrupolar moment, their properties may differ from those of Bloch and Néel skyrmions and so they offer new opportunities for control. Magnetic skyrmions are topologically stable, vortex-like objects surrounded by chiral boundaries that separate a region of reversed magnetization from the surrounding magnetized material 1 , 2 , 3 . They are closely related to nanoscopic chiral magnetic domain walls, which could be used as memory and logic elements for conventional and neuromorphic computing applications that go beyond Moore’s law. Of particular interest is ‘racetrack memory’, which is composed of vertical magnetic nanowires, each accommodating of the order of 100 domain walls, and that shows promise as a solid state, non-volatile memory with exceptional capacity and performance 4 , 5 . Its performance is derived from the very high speeds (up to one kilometre per second) at which chiral domain walls can be moved with nanosecond current pulses in synthetic antiferromagnet racetracks. Because skyrmions are essentially composed of a pair of chiral domain walls closed in on themselves, but are, in principle, more stable to perturbations than the component domain walls themselves, they are attractive for use in spintronic applications, notably racetrack memory. Stabilization of skyrmions has generally been achieved in systems with broken inversion symmetry, in which the asymmetric Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction modifies the uniform magnetic state to a swirling state 6 , 7 . Depending on the crystal symmetry, two distinct types of skyrmions have been observed experimentally, namely, Bloch 7 , 8 and Néel skyrmions 9 . Here we present the experimental manifestation of another type of skyrmion—the magnetic antiskyrmion—in acentric tetragonal Heusler compounds with D 2d crystal symmetry. Antiskyrmions are characterized by boundary walls that have alternating Bloch and Néel type as one traces around the boundary. A spiral magnetic ground-state, which propagates in the tetragonal basal plane, is transformed into an antiskyrmion lattice state under magnetic fields applied along the tetragonal axis over a wide range of temperatures. Direct imaging by Lorentz transmission electron microscopy shows field-stabilized antiskyrmion lattices and isolated antiskyrmions from 100 kelvin to well beyond room temperature, and zero-field metastable antiskyrmions at low temperatures. These results enlarge the family of magnetic skyrmions and pave the way to the engineering of complex bespoke designed skyrmionic structures.

As one of the most abundant materials in the world, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, is the main constituent of the skeletons and shells of various marine organisms. It is used in the cement industry and plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and formation of sedimentary rocks. For more than a century, only three polymorphs of pure CaCO3—calcite, aragonite, and vaterite—were known to exist at ambient conditions, as well as two hydrated crystal phases, monohydrocalcite (CaCO3·1H2O) and ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O). While investigating the role of magnesium ions in crystallization pathways of amorphous calcium carbonate, we unexpectedly discovered an unknown crystalline phase, hemihydrate CaCO3·½H2O, with monoclinic structure. This discovery may have important implications in biomineralization, geology, and industrial processes based on hydration of CaCO3.

Transition metal dichalcogenides have attracted research interest over the last few decades due to their interesting structural chemistry, unusual electronic properties, rich intercalation chemistry and wide spectrum of potential applications. Despite the fact that the majority of related research focuses on semiconducting transition-metal dichalcogenides (for example, MoS 2 ), recently discovered unexpected properties of WTe 2 are provoking strong interest in semimetallic transition metal dichalcogenides featuring large magnetoresistance, pressure-driven superconductivity and Weyl semimetal states. We investigate the sister compound of WTe 2 , MoTe 2 , predicted to be a Weyl semimetal and a quantum spin Hall insulator in bulk and monolayer form, respectively. We find that bulk MoTe 2 exhibits superconductivity with a transition temperature of 0.10 K. Application of external pressure dramatically enhances the transition temperature up to maximum value of 8.2 K at 11.7 GPa. The observed dome-shaped superconductivity phase diagram provides insights into the interplay between superconductivity and topological physics. Materials which simultaneously exhibit superconductivity and topologically non-trivial electronic band structure possess potential applications in quantum computing but have yet to be found. Here, the authors find superconductivity in MoTe 2 , a material predicted to be topologically non-trivial.

Since 2013, over 100 cases of Mycobacterium chimaera prosthetic valve endocarditis and disseminated disease were notified in Europe and the USA, linked to contaminated heater–cooler units (HCUs) used during cardiac surgery. We did a molecular epidemiological investigation to establish the source of these patients' disease. We included 24 M chimaera isolates from 21 cardiac surgery-related patients in Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK, 218 M chimaera isolates from various types of HCUs in hospitals, from LivaNova (formerly Sorin; London, UK) and Maquet (Rastatt, Germany) brand HCU production sites, and unrelated environmental sources and patients, as well as eight Mycobacterium intracellulare isolates. Isolates were analysed by next-generation whole-genome sequencing using Illumina and Pacific Biosciences technologies, and compared with published M chimaera genomes. Phylogenetic analysis based on whole-genome sequencing of 250 isolates revealed two major M chimaera groups. Cardiac surgery-related patient isolates were all classified into group 1, in which all, except one, formed a distinct subgroup. This subgroup also comprised isolates from 11 cardiac surgery-related patients reported from the USA, most isolates from LivaNova HCUs, and one from their production site. Isolates from other HCUs and unrelated patients were more widely distributed in the phylogenetic tree. HCU contamination with M chimaera at the LivaNova factory seems a likely source for cardiothoracic surgery-related severe M chimaera infections diagnosed in Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands, the UK, the USA, and Australia. Protective measures and heightened clinician awareness are essential to guarantee patient safety. Partly funded by the EU Horizon 2020 programme, its FP7 programme, the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, and National Institute of Health Research Oxford Health Protection Research Units on Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance.

Urbanization contributes to the loss of the world's biodiversity and the homogenization of its biota. However, comparative studies of urban biodiversity leading to robust generalities of the status and drivers of biodiversity in cities at the global scale are lacking. Here, we compiled the largest global dataset to date of two diverse taxa in cities: birds (54 cities) and plants (110 cities). We found that the majority of urban bird and plant species are native in the world's cities. Few plants and birds are cosmopolitan, the most common being Columba livia and Poa annua. The density of bird and plant species (the number of species per km2) has declined substantially: only 8% of native bird and 25% of native plant species are currently present compared with estimates of non-urban density of species. The current density of species in cities and the loss in density of species was best explained by anthropogenic features (landcover, city age) rather than by non-anthropogenic factors (geography, climate, topography). As urbanization continues to expand, efforts directed towards the conservation of intact vegetation within urban landscapes could support higher concentrations of both bird and plant species. Despite declines in the density of species, cities still retain endemic native species, thus providing opportunities for regional and global biodiversity conservation, restoration and education.

Soft and flexible capacitive tactile sensors are vital in prosthetics, wearable health monitoring, and soft robotics applications. However, achieving accurate real-time force detection and spatial localization remains a significant challenge, especially in dynamic, non-rigid environments like prosthetic liners. This study presents a real-time force point detection and tracking system using a custom-fabricated soft elastomeric capacitive sensor array in conjunction with image processing and machine learning techniques. The system integrates Otsu’s thresholding, Connected Component Labeling, and a tailored cluster-tracking algorithm for anomaly detection, enabling real-time localization within 1 ms. A 6×6 Dragon Skin-based sensor array was fabricated, embedded with copper yarn electrodes, and evaluated using a UR3e robotic arm and a Schunk force-torque sensor to generate controlled stimuli. The fabricated tactile sensor measures the applied force from 1 to 3 N. Sensor output was captured via a MUCA breakout board and Arduino Nano 33 IoT, transmitting the Ratio of Mutual Capacitance data for further analysis. A Python-based processing pipeline filters and visualizes the data with real-time clustering and adaptive thresholding. Machine learning models such as linear regression, Support Vector Machine, decision tree, and Gaussian Process Regression were evaluated to correlate force with capacitance values. Decision Tree Regression achieved the highest performance (R2=0.9996, RMSE=0.0446), providing an effective correlation factor of 51.76 for force estimation. The system offers robust performance in complex interactions and a scalable solution for soft robotics and prosthetic force mapping, supporting health monitoring, safe automation, and medical diagnostics.

Cities represent considerable opportunities for forwarding global biodiversity and sustainability goals. We developed key attributes for conserving biodiversity and for ecosystem services that should be included in urban-planning documents and reviewed 135 plans from 40 cities globally. The most common attributes in city plans were goals for habitat conservation, air and water quality, cultural ecosystem services, and ecological connectivity. Few plans included quantitative targets. This lack of measurable targets may render plans unsuccessful for an actionable approach to local biodiversity conservation. Although most cities include both biodiversity and ecosystem services, each city tends to focus on one or the other. Comprehensive planning for biodiversity should include the full range of attributes identified, but few cities do this, and the majority that do are mandated by local, regional, or federal governments to plan specifically for biodiversity conservation. This research provides planning recommendations for protecting urban biodiversity based on ecological knowledge

Raman spectroscopy has shown to be a promising method for the examination of biomedical samples. However, until now, its efficacy has not been established in clinical diagnostics. In this study, Raman spectroscopy’s potential application in medical laboratories is evaluated for a large variety (38) of biomarkers. Given 234 serum samples from a cohort of patients with different stages of liver disease, we performed Raman spectroscopy at 780nm excitation wavelength. The Raman spectra were analyzed in combination with the results of routine diagnostics using specifically developed complex mathematical algorithms, including fluorescence filtering, frequency subset selection and several overfitting circumventing strategies, such as independent validation. With the results of this cohort, which were validated in 328 independent samples, a significant proof-of-concept study was completed. This study highlights the need to prevent overfitting and to use independent data for validation. The results reveal that Raman spectroscopy has high potential for use in medical laboratory diagnostics to simultaneously quantify multiple biomarkers.

The controlled transformation of materials, both their structure and their physical properties, is key to many devices. Ionic liquid gating can induce the transformation of thin-film materials over long distances from the gated surface. Thus, the mechanism underlying this process is of considerable interest. Here we directly image, using in situ, real-time, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, the reversible transformation between the oxygen vacancy ordered phase brownmillerite SrCoO 2.5 and the oxygen ordered phase perovskite SrCoO 3 . We show that the phase transformation boundary moves at a velocity that is highly anisotropic, traveling at speeds ~30 times faster laterally than through the thickness of the film. Taking advantage of this anisotropy, we show that three-dimensional metallic structures such as cylinders and rings can be realized. Our results provide a roadmap to the construction of complex meso-structures from their exterior surfaces. Local and reversible oxidation is used to exploit the very different properties of oxygen and vacancy ordered oxides. Here the authors directly image and make use of anisotropic migration velocities of oxygen in SrCoO x to create 3D meso-structures of those two phases by ionic liquid gating.