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"Wachinski, Anthony M"
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Waste Management in the U.S. Space Program
Space is an unforgiving environment. It is a vacuum with pressures approaching 1 Torr, high levels of radiation, extremely cold temperatures, no atmosphere, no water, and no gravity. Designers, because of this nature, most provide everything necessary to sustain life--a total ecosystem. National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) engineers refer to this total ecosystem as environmental control and life support (ECLS). The complexity of a total ECLS is not simplified when the system is broken down into its parts. For example, water supply and waste management subsystems, which can be further subdivided, are just as complex. The water supply management system includes those subsystems for the generation, collection, storage, and distribution of potable water. The waste management subsystem provides collection, storage, and disposal of wash water, cooling water, flush water, and food waste. For short duration space flights, waste management and water management are separate systems.
Journal Article
Managing Shipboard Wastes
All marine sanitation devices (MSD) were designed by 33 CFR 159 regulations which included the responsibilities and duties of the Coast Guard. There were 3 types of MSDs. Type 1 used disinfection as a primary means of treatment. Wastewater and disinfectant were run through a macerator pump for grinding and mixing before disposal overboard. Type 2 MSDs had no long-term storage and used fibre filtration or bacterial activity to treat the wastewater. Type 3 MSDs stored wastes without treatment. The U.S. Navy was reducing the volume of wastewater produced by marine vessels by introducing vacuum toilets and rerouting potable and grey water overboard. Improvements to Type 2 MSDs were also being made: ceramic membrane filtration, ozone oxidation and supercritical water oxidation.
Magazine Article
Fluid Behavior/Waste Management in Low-Gravity Environments
Current plans for the U.S. space station are to recycle as much wastewater as possible to reduce shuttle resupply requirements. A mission to Mars may require total recycle and regeneration of water, air, and food--an Earth-type ecosystem. However, fluid behavior in space differs markedly from that in a gravity-dominated environment. The general environmental engineering sector should become familiar with wastewater recycle in the microgravity or zero-G environment.
Magazine Article