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"Wade, Scott"
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The Role of Metallurgical Features in the Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Carbon Steel: A Critical Review
Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) is a potentially critical degradation mechanism for a wide range of materials exposed to environments that contain relevant microorganisms. The likelihood and rate of MIC are affected by microbiological, chemical, and metallurgical factors; hence, the understanding of the mechanisms involved, verification of the presence of MIC, and the development of mitigation methods require a multidisciplinary approach. Much of the recent focus in MIC research has been on the microbiological and chemical aspects, with less attention given to metallurgical attributes. Here, we address this knowledge gap by providing a critical synthesis of the literature on the metallurgical aspects of MIC of carbon steel, a material frequently associated with MIC failures and widely used in construction and infrastructure globally. The article begins by introducing the process of MIC, then progresses to explore the complexities of various metallurgical factors relevant to MIC in carbon steel. These factors include chemical composition, grain size, grain boundaries, microstructural phases, inclusions, and welds, highlighting their potential influence on MIC processes. This review systematically presents key discoveries, trends, and the limitations of prior research, offering some novel insights into the impact of metallurgical factors on MIC, particularly for the benefit of those already familiar with other aspects of MIC. The article concludes with recommendations for documenting metallurgical data in MIC research. An appreciation of relevant metallurgical attributes is essential for a critical assessment of a material’s vulnerability to MIC to advance research practices and to broaden the collective knowledge in this rapidly evolving area of study.
Journal Article
The DC universe by Brian K. Vaughan
\"This volume collects stories of DC's greatest superheroes by Eisner Award-winning comics legend, Brian K. Vaughan. These tales of Titans, the Justice League, Green Lantern and many other heroes of the DC Universe are beautifully told by superstar, critically acclaimed superstar writer Brian K. Vaughan. Vaughan, best known for the comic book series Y: THE LAST MAN, EX MACHINA, RUNAWAYS, PRIDE OF BAGHDAD, Saga, and, most recently, Paper Girls has continually pushed the bounds of comics storytelling throught his career. Now, his greatest stories involving some of the most popular DC Universe characters are collected together in one hardcover special edition.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Is marine sediment the source of microbes associated with accelerated low water corrosion?
Accelerated low water corrosion (ALWC) is a form of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) associated with the degradation of marine structures around the low tide water level. A better understanding of the role of microbes in this degradation and the source of these microbes is required to improve the prediction and mitigation of the costly failures occurring due to ALWC. The microbial communities present in a sediment sample and on an ALWC tubercle on adjacent steel sheet piling from a tidal estuary were studied using culture-based isolation and metabarcoding. A total of 43 pure cultures were isolated from the sediment using a variety of culture conditions. Phylogenetic analysis of their 16S rRNA genes placed them in the
Actinobacteria
,
Bacteroidetes
,
Firmicutes
, and
Proteobacteria
(
Alphaproteobacteria
and
Gammaproteobacteria
). 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding of the sediment and tubercle revealed similar microbial groups at varying relative abundances. No
Deltaproteobacteria
were isolated from the sediment but they were present in both samples according to metabarcoding and their high abundance (49.3%) in the tubercle could indicate an important functional role. Although some sediment isolates and operational taxonomic units from the metabarcoding have previously been associated with surface colonisation or biofilm formation in MIC, there was no strong evidence for the notion that the sediment adjacent to ALWC was the source of tubercle microbes. Further isolation strategies and functional investigations of representative bacteria at different stages of corrosion are being carried out for additional laboratory-based corrosion studies.
Journal Article
Effect of Multispecies Microbial Consortia on Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Carbon Steel
Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) is responsible for significant damage to major marine infrastructure worldwide. While the microbes responsible for MIC typically exist in the environment in a synergistic combination of different species, the vast majority of laboratory-based MIC experiments are performed with single microbial pure cultures. In this work, marine grade steel was exposed to a single sulfate reducing bacterium (SRB, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans) and various combinations of bacteria (both pure cultures and mixed communities), and the steel corrosion studied. Differences in the microbial biofilm composition and succession, steel weight loss and pitting attack were observed for the various test configurations studied. The sulfate reduction phenotype was successfully shown in half-strength marine broth for both single and mixed communities. The highest corrosion according to steel weight loss and pitting, was recorded in the tests with D. desulfuricans alone when incubated in a nominally aerobic environment. The multispecies microbial consortia yielded lower general corrosion rates compared to D. desulfuricans or for the uninoculated control.
Journal Article
Surface Enhancement of Titanium-Based Coatings on Commercial Hard Steel Cutting Tools
This study investigates the mechanical properties, surface integrity, and chemical configuration of PVD-coated high-speed steel (HSS) cutting tools, with a particular focus on titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium aluminium nitride (TiAlN) coatings. A range of characterisation methodologies were employed to examine the impact of pre-coating surface conditions on the resulting coatings. This impact includes the effects of gas bubble production and unequal distribution of elements, which are two unwanted occurrences. Notwithstanding these difficulties, coatings applied on surfaces that were highly polished exhibited more consistency in their mechanical and elemental characteristics, with a thickness ranging from 2 to 4 µm. The study of mechanical characteristics confirms a significant increase in hardness, from an initial value of roughly 1000 HV0.5 for untreated tools to 1300 HV0.5 for tools with physical vapour deposition (PVD) coatings. Although PVD coatings produced on an industrial scale might not exceed the quality of coatings manufactured in a laboratory, they do offer substantial enhancements in terms of hardness. This study highlights the significant importance of thorough surface preparation in achieving enhanced coating performance, hence contributing to the efforts to prolong the lifespan of tools and enhance their performance even under demanding operational circumstances.
Journal Article
An Investigation into the Surface Integrity of Micro-Machined High-Speed Steel and Tungsten Carbide Cutting Tools
The performance and lifespan of cutting tools are significantly influenced by their surface quality. The present report highlights recent advances in enhancing the surface characteristics of tungsten carbide and high-speed steel cutting tools using a novel micro-machining technique for polishing and edge-honing. Notably, the main aim was to reduce the surface roughness while maintaining the hardness of the materials at an optimal level. By conducting a thorough analysis of surfaces obtained using different techniques, it was found that the micro-machining method effectively decreased the surface roughness of the cutting tools the most effectively out of the techniques investigated. Significantly, the surface roughness was reduced from an initial measurement of 400 nm to an impressive value of 60 nm. No significant change in hardness was observed, which guarantees the maintenance of the mechanical properties of the cutting tools. This analysis enhances the comprehension of surface enhancement methodologies for cutting tools through the presentation of these findings. The observed decrease in surface roughness, along with the consistent hardness, exhibits potential for improving tool performance. These enhancements possess the capacity to optimise manufacturing processes, increase tool reliability, and minimise waste generation.
Journal Article
Development of Processing Windows for HVOF Carbide-Based Coatings
Optimized processing windows for spraying high-quality metal carbide-based coatings are developed using particle diagnostic technology. The cermet coatings were produced via the high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spray process and are proposed for service applications such as marine hydraulics. The traditional “trial and error” method for developing coating process parameters is not technically robust, as well as being costly and time consuming. Instead, this contribution investigated the use of real-time monitoring of parameters associated with the HVOF flame jets and particles using in-flight particle diagnostics. Subsequently, coatings can be produced with knowledge concerning the molten particle size, temperature, and velocity profile. The analytical results allow identification of optimized coating process windows, which translate to coatings of lower porosity and improved mechanical performance.
Journal Article
Stigmergy co-ordinates multicellular collective behaviours during Myxococcus xanthus surface migration
Surface translocation by the soil bacterium
Myxococcus xanthus
is a complex multicellular phenomenon that entails two motility systems. However, the mechanisms by which the activities of individual cells are coordinated to manifest this collective behaviour are currently unclear. Here we have developed a novel assay that enables detailed microscopic examination of
M. xanthus
motility at the interstitial interface between solidified nutrient medium and a glass coverslip. Under these conditions,
M. xanthus
motility is characterised by extensive micro-morphological patterning that is considerably more elaborate than occurs at an air-surface interface. We have found that during motility on solidified nutrient medium,
M. xanthus
forges an interconnected furrow network that is lined with an extracellular matrix comprised of exopolysaccharides, extracellular lipids, membrane vesicles and an unidentified slime. Our observations have revealed that
M. xanthus
motility on solidified nutrient medium is a stigmergic phenomenon in which multi-cellular collective behaviours are co-ordinated through trail-following that is guided by physical furrows and extracellular matrix materials.
Journal Article
Microbiologically influenced corrosion-more than just microorganisms
Abstract
Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a phenomenon of increasing concern that affects various materials and sectors of society. MIC describes the effects, often negative, that a material can experience due to the presence of microorganisms. Unfortunately, although several research groups and industrial actors worldwide have already addressed MIC, discussions are fragmented, while information sharing and willingness to reach out to other disciplines are limited. A truly interdisciplinary approach, which would be logical for this material/biology/chemistry-related challenge, is rarely taken. In this review, we highlight critical non-biological aspects of MIC that can sometimes be overlooked by microbiologists working on MIC but are highly relevant for an overall understanding of this phenomenon. Here, we identify gaps, methods, and approaches to help solve MIC-related challenges, with an emphasis on the MIC of metals. We also discuss the application of existing tools and approaches for managing MIC and propose ideas to promote an improved understanding of MIC. Furthermore, we highlight areas where the insights and expertise of microbiologists are needed to help progress this field.
The purpose of this review is to provide microbiologists with background information on the non-microbial aspects of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) to directly tackle the siloed nature of MIC research and encourage them to work on this important topic.
Journal Article