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"Wagner, Martin"
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The Environmental Kuznets Curve, Cointegration and Nonlinearity
This paper clarifies some conceptual shortcomings of the empirical environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) literature that arise because of the hitherto inadequate application of unit root and cointegration techniques. The literature to date has ignored the fact, and a fortiori the consequences, that powers of integrated processes are themselves not integrated processes. The paper explains why standard methods should not be applied and discusses some recently proposed viable estimation and testing approaches for cointegrating polynomial regressions. The application to CO₂ and SO₂ emissions data shows that using appropriate methods leads to strongly reduced evidence for a cointegrating EKC compared to typical but conceptually not sound findings.
Journal Article
Residual-based cointegration and non-cointegration tests for cointegrating polynomial regressions
Cointegrating polynomial regressions (CPRs), i.e., regressions that include deterministic terms, integrated processes and powers of integrated processes as explanatory variables and stationary errors, have become prominent in several fields of applications, e.g., in the analysis of environmental Kuznets curves. A key issue, as always in cointegration analysis, is testing for the presence or absence of a cointegrating relationship. This paper discusses two complementary tests: one with the null hypothesis of cointegration and one with the null hypothesis of the absence of cointegration. It is shown that (inter alia) for the empirically most relevant case, in which only one of the integrated regressors occurs as regressor also with higher powers, critical values can be simulated and are provided for a variety of specifications. Finally, the usage of the tests is illustrated for the environmental Kuznets curve for carbon and sulfur dioxide emissions. The illustration also investigates the sensitivity of the test decisions with respect to kernel and bandwidth choices, sample size and data vintage.
Journal Article
Hemingway's wars : public and private battles
\"In 1940, Hemingway wrote a preface to Gustav Regler's novel about the Spanish Civil War, The Great Crusade. In those remarks, he described the fragility of soldiers in battle, even when they thought they would win. \"There is no man alive today who has not cried at a war if he was at it long enough. Sometimes it is after a battle; sometimes it is when someone that you love is killed; sometimes it is from a great injustice to another; sometimes it is at the disbanding of a corps or a unit that has endured and accomplished together and now will never be together again. But all men at war cry sometimes, from Napoleon, the greatest butcher, down.\" Born July 21, 1899, Hemingway was a boy fascinated with the tragedies that accompanied all wars, and from the start of World War I in the spring of 1914, he was a conscientiously thorough student of the science of war. He then volunteered to go to the Italian front as a Red Cross worker. There Hemingway was severely wounded a few weeks before his nineteenth birthday. He convalesced in Italian hospitals, fell in love with his American nurse, and returned home - to Illinois and Michigan - to recuperate further. Agnes von Kurowsky's \"Dear John\" letter reached him in Illinois. As he learned to craft his careful and intense stories, Hemingway suffered a series of physical injuries that marred - and shortened - his life. Head injuries from broken skylights, boxing, car crashes, falls, sports injuries, and plane crashes added to the shrapnel and bullet damage from the Great War. Linda Wagner-Martin's inventory of the writer's woundings - both physical and emotional - provides a detailed background for the brilliant American writer's choices in life: Why did he so seldom return home to Oak Park? Why did he often turn on his apparent friends? Why did he spend long weeks deep-sea fishing, as if to avoid the company of his wives and sons? After he was wounded in the First World War, Hemingway was never a proponent of conflict. Despite being involved in battles of the Spanish Civil War and World War II, Hemingway's hatred of the politics of war - and the loss of life war mandated - was a recurring subject for his writing. As he translated his own physical pain into exquisitely detailed accounts of people caught in the throes of anguish, he proved the depth of the haunting his injuries occasioned.\"--Jacket flap.
Book
Feeding type and development drive the ingestion of microplastics by freshwater invertebrates
Microscopic plastic items (microplastics) are ubiquitously present in aquatic ecosystems. With decreasing size their availability and potential to accumulate throughout food webs increase. However, little is known on the uptake of microplastics by freshwater invertebrates. To address this, we exposed species with different feeding strategies to 1, 10 and 90 µm fluorescent polystyrene spheres (3–3 000 particles mL
−1
). Additionally, we investigated how developmental stages and a co-exposure to natural particles (e.g., food) modulate microplastic ingestion. All species ingested microplastics in a concentration-dependent manner with
Daphnia magna
consuming up to 6 180 particles h
−1
, followed by
Chironomus riparius
(226 particles h
−1
),
Physella acuta
(118 particles h
−1
),
Gammarus pulex
(10 particles h
−1
) and
Lumbriculus variegatus
(8 particles h
−1
).
D. magna
did not ingest 90 µm microplastics whereas the other species preferred larger microplastics over 1 µm in size. In
C. riparius
and
D. magna
, size preference depended on the life stage with larger specimens ingesting more and larger microplastics. The presence of natural particles generally reduced the microplastics uptake. Our results demonstrate that freshwater invertebrates have the capacity to ingest microplastics. However, the quantity of uptake depends on their feeding type and morphology as well as on the availability of microplastics.
Journal Article
Microplastics in the Environment: Much Ado about Nothing? A Debate
This article documents a debate between the two authors on the issue of microplastics in the environment. It is sparked by a viewpoint published by G. Allen Burton, who argues that the risk of microplastics is overrated. The authors have started debating this notion on Twitter, but the format has quickly turned out to be too cumbersome to exchange arguments. It is thus decided to continue the conversation by exchanging letters published as preprints in roughly four‐week intervals. In these contributions, a broad range of relevant issues are touched upon, including the differences in risk conceptions, risk communication in the attention economy, risk assessment in situations of scientific uncertainty, the need to test proper hypotheses, the problem of prioritizing environmental issues, the costs of action and inaction, the application of the precautionary principle or a strictly evidence‐based approach for policy‐making and, eventually, larger issues related to the Anthropocene. In hindsight, it is felt that this debate is rewarding because it made possible expressing and reflecting on the values and opinions in ways otherwise impossible in social media and standard scientific articles. Borne out of an argument over the environmental risks of microplastics on Twitter, the authors exchange their views on risk conceptions and communication in the attention economy, risk assessment and scientific uncertainty, hypothesis testing, prioritizing environmental issues, the costs of (in)action, the precautionary principle in decision‐making and, eventually, larger Anthropocene issues.
Journal Article
Possibilities and Challenges of Wastewater Reuse—Planning Aspects and Realized Examples
Population growth and climate change has a huge impact on water availability. To ensure a secure water supply, water-reuse concepts and its implementation are gaining more and more importance. Additionally, water saving potentials to optimize the drinking and water reuse availability have to be considered. However, limited spatial planning opportunities and missing regulation to provide treated wastewater according to the “fit-for-purpose” principle are often hindering its application. Some countries, such as the USA or Singapore, have been leading the way for decades in implementing water-reuse concepts and in treating wastewater for potable and non-potable reuse. The wastewater treatment technologies are currently providing solutions for an adequate provision of reclaimed water. Consequently, the opportunities for water reuse are given, but the challenge is largely in the implementation, which becomes necessary in water-scarce regions. This perspective is thus presenting the current possibilities and challenges of wastewater reuse with respect to existing examples of implementations but also shows the need for action in the future. The relevance of this topic is also underlined in particular by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), especially Goal 6 which is related to “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”.
Journal Article