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This paper addresses embedding and case in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) through investigating the meaning and the distribution of the Arabic Linguistic term fi maħal ʔiҁraab: \"that serves a grammatical function\". This term is concerned with the constituents that cannot carry morphological case for various reasons. MSA has a surface structure constraint (SSC) that requires every lexical word to carry a morphological case marker irrespective of its grammatical function. To satisfy this SSC, embedded clauses are assigned a hypothetical case according to this term fi maħal ʔiҁraab: \"that serves a grammatical function\". Regarding the term fi maħal ʔiҁraab: \"that serves a grammatical function\", Arab Grammarians have classified embedded clauses, in MSA, into two main types. The first type deals with embedded clauses that can carry the hypothetical case markers, whereas the second is concerned with embedded clauses that are not allowed to carry a hypothetical case. Based on Chomsky's Principles and Parameters and the Generative enterprise, the main objective of this paper is to explore the implications of this term for embedding with respect to the behavior of case assignment and parsing in MSA.

The main purpose of this research paper is to investigate the effect of the injured brain regions of the patients, who suffer from aphasia. This study is from a linguistic perspective. This will be investigated from various perspectives, specifically phonology and syntax. As these study cases face major problems especially in these two linguistic aspects. Some of these language deficits prove that the human brain contains a constrained and well-characterized faculty. The function of this faculty is to represent the sentence structure (Dick et al., 2001, p.759). Moreover, this paper represents the various types of aphasia, by focusing on showing the injured areas in the brain after cerebrovascular stroke. This paper presents three cases who suffer from Anomic Aphasia. The diagnosis of the patients in this research is conducted within the framework of The Western Aphasia Battery Revised (WAB-R), which is a scale of questions that is used to determine the language deficiencies that the patients suffer from (Gom'a et al., forthcoming). After the application of this test, specific regions in the brain, that are responsible for language production and comprehension, are going to be shown. Moreover, it represents the localization theory and how it is related to the human brain. Finally, it investigates the relation between localization theory and Chomsky's distinction between Competence and Performance.

This study aims to investigate how the language of Twitter users deviates from the Standard English language. Besides, it considers how those linguistic deviations and flouting of basic rules of grammar, spelling, and punctuation could be made with intention as a way of destabilizing opponents. Other times, it could have been resulted from hasty fingers. However, leaving them uncorrected could be a trace of poor proofreading tweets. This paper examines Tweets posted by the 45th American president, Donald Trump, from a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) perspective, adopted from Fairclough's Three dimensional model. Hence, this paper delves deep into the president's tweets, during the election campaign and after taking office, by analyzing some linguistic deviations. The findings of the analyses have revealed that Trump's deliberate sloppiness of the basic rules of grammar, spelling, and punctuation rings true with his character. They are mainly a way of destabilizing his opponents. Instead of being ashamed, the US president looks proud of his slips; he hardly proofreads his words before pouring them into the Twitter sphere.

The main purpose of this research paper is to investigate the injured brain regions of patients, who are suffered from aphasia, from a linguistic perspective. This will be investigated from various perspectives, specifically phonology and syntax. As these study cases face major problems especially in these two linguistic aspects. Some of these language deficits prove that the human brain contains a constrained and well-characterized faculty. The function of this faculty is to represent the sentence structure (Dick et al., 2001, p.759). Moreover, this paper represents the various types of aphasia, by focusing on showing the injured areas in the brain after cerebrovascular stroke. This paper presents three cases who suffer from Anomic Aphasia. By using The Western Aphasia Battery Revised (WAB-R), which is a scale of questions that is used to determine the language deficiencies that the patients suffer from. And after the application of this test, specific regions in the brain, that are responsible for language production and comprehension, are going to be shown. Moreover, it represents the localization theory and how it is related to the human brain. Finally, it investigates the relation between localization theory and Chomsky's distinction between Competence and Performance.

This paper reveals that the application of the multiple Agree operation results in creating an assumption that the embedded predicate phrases and copular complementizer phrases (CP) in Classical Arabic (CA) are not phases. This multiple Agree operation occurs simultaneously between a c-commanding active verb and its c-commanded active goals that originate in the embedded predicate phrases and copular phrases in Classical Arabic. These goals also get their case valued in their original position. Our analysis is grounded on the recent extension of Chomsky\"s minimalist program. It works on Agree proposed by Chomsky (2000) and Hiraiwa\"s (2000) Multiple Agree operations. We apply these processes to the structure of Classical Arabic Hearts verbs, three-place predicates and a modified transitive verb by a secondary predicate. The crucial role of the locality condition is provided in this paper, as it is the constraint on which all the syntactic operations are based.

This paper deals with Case Theory, Deletion and Ɂiʕmaal [case assignment] as manifested in the syntactic construction of Ɂal-Tanaazu' [case conflict]. The study examines the coordinate structures of Ɂal-Tanaazu\". It proposes an alternative operation, namely, Agr feature valuation, that replaces pronominalization or Ɂiđmaar as assumed by CA grammarians, especially in Ɂal-Basra\"s linguistic tradition. It offers a unifying approach to resolve the issue of Ɂiđmaar within the case study of Ɂal-Tanaazu\" in the light of Chomsky\"s Minimalism (1995b). It deals with a very limited set of case assigners, namely, the mono-transitive predicate. This paper is organized as follows: section (1) introduces an overview of Ɂal-Tanaazu\" in CA data and Chomsky\"s sub-theories that are required. Section (2) provides the basic assumptions of the leading figure of Ɂal-Basra school, i.e., Sibawayh. Section (3) displays the analysis of the deletion approach adopted by Sibawayh (765-796 A.D.), in conformity with the adjacency condition and the locality principle (Chomsky, 1981). Then, section (4) includes and represents the findings of this study.

The purpose of this study is to investigate anaphoricity and logophoricity with a special focus on Egyptian Arabic (EA), which is the standard colloquial Egyptian dialect of the Arabic language. The analysis investigated in this study addresses two issues. The first issue is to find an explanation for the violation of some reflexives in EA. The second issue is to specify the diagnostics of logophors in EA. To find answers for these two issues, the analysis of anaphoricity and logophoricity is introduced within the framework of Chomsky's Minimalist Program (MP) (1995, 2000, and 2004) and its basic principles. The Chomskyan Principle A of the Binding Theory (BT) deals with reflexives within the domain of the clause. In contrast, logophors, in EA, violate the conditions constrained by Principle A of BT. In order to account for this violation, it is necessary to resort to Syntax, Pragmatics, and Syntax interface. This analysis confirms the hypothesis that logophors are not puzzling and can be analyzed under a universal mechanism and diagnostics that can account for logophoricity in EA and other languages too.