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"Walker, Thomas"
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Reduced biomass burning emissions reconcile conflicting estimates of the post-2006 atmospheric methane budget
Several viable but conflicting explanations have been proposed to explain the recent ~8 p.p.b. per year increase in atmospheric methane after 2006, equivalent to net emissions increase of ~25 Tg CH
4
per year. A concurrent increase in atmospheric ethane implicates a fossil source; a concurrent decrease in the heavy isotope content of methane points toward a biogenic source, while other studies propose a decrease in the chemical sink (OH). Here we show that biomass burning emissions of methane decreased by 3.7 (±1.4) Tg CH
4
per year from the 2001–2007 to the 2008–2014 time periods using satellite measurements of CO and CH
4
, nearly twice the decrease expected from prior estimates. After updating both the total and isotopic budgets for atmospheric methane with these revised biomass burning emissions (and assuming no change to the chemical sink), we find that fossil fuels contribute between 12–19 Tg CH
4
per year to the recent atmospheric methane increase, thus reconciling the isotopic- and ethane-based results.
The drivers of the increase in atmospheric methane since 2006 remain unclear. Here, the authors use satellite and in situ measurements of CO and CH
4
to show that fossil fuels and biogenic sources contribute 12–19 Tg CH
4
per year and 12–16 Tg CH
4
per year respectively to the recent atmospheric methane increase.
Journal Article
The impact of obesity and bariatric surgery on the immune microenvironment of the endometrium
BackgroundThe incidence of endometrial cancer is rising in parallel with the obesity epidemic. Obesity increases endometrial cancer risk and weight loss is protective, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We hypothesise that the immune microenvironment may influence susceptibility to malignant transformation in the endometrium. The aim of this study was to measure the impact of obesity and weight loss on the immunological landscape of the endometrium.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study of women with class III obesity (body mass index, BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) undergoing bariatric surgery or medically-supervised low-calorie diet. We collected blood and endometrial samples at baseline, and two and 12 months after weight loss intervention. Serum was analysed for inflammatory markers CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α. Multiplex immunofluorescence was used to simultaneously identify cells positive for immune markers CD68, CD56, CD3, CD8, FOXP3 and PD-1 in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded endometrial tissue sections. Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to determine whether changes in inflammatory and immune biomarkers were associated with weight loss.ResultsForty-three women with matched serum and tissue samples at all three time points were included in the analysis. Their median age and BMI were 44 years and 52 kg/m2, respectively. Weight loss at 12 months was greater in women who received bariatric surgery (n = 37, median 63.3 kg) than low-calorie diet (n = 6, median 12.8 kg). There were significant reductions in serum CRP (p = 3.62 × 10−6, r = 0.570) and IL-6 (p = 0.0003, r = 0.459), but not TNF-α levels, with weight loss. Tissue immune cell densities were unchanged except for CD8+ cells, which increased significantly with weight loss (p = 0.0097, r = −0.323). Tissue CD3+ cell density correlated negatively with systemic IL-6 levels (p = 0.0376; r = −0.318).ConclusionWeight loss is associated with reduced systemic inflammation and a recruitment of protective immune cell types to the endometrium, supporting the concept that immune surveillance may play a role in endometrial cancer prevention.
Journal Article
The finest rooms in America : fifty influential interiors from the eighteenth century to the present
\"The book brings together a cross section of houses and apartments representing a diverse range of American periods and styles. Starting with Mount Vernon and Monticello, the presentation continues with important extant rooms from the eithteenth and nineteenth centuries and then surveys an eclectic mix of both public and private rooms from twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Among the rooms featured are the dining room at Magnolia Mound Plantation in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, the dressing room at Vizcaya in Miami, the living room at Frank Lloyd Wright's Hollyhock House in Los Angeles, the dining room at the Saarinen House at Cranbrook in Michigan, and the living room by David Adler and Frances Elkins at Casa Amesti in Monterey, California. Prominent contemporary designers include: Henri Samuel, Mark Hampton, John Saladino, Bunny Williams, Kitty Hawks, Thad Hayes and David Kleinberg\"--Jacket.
Book
Distinct Immunological Landscapes Characterize Inherited and Sporadic Mismatch Repair Deficient Endometrial Cancer
Around 30% of endometrial cancers (EC) are mismatch repair (MMR) deficient, mostly as a consequence of mutations acquired during tumorigenesis, but a significant minority is caused by Lynch syndrome (LS). This inherited cancer predisposition syndrome primes an anti-cancer immune response, even in healthy carriers. We sought to explore the intra-tumoral immunological differences between genetically confirmed LS-associated MMR-deficient (MMRd), sporadic MMR-deficient, and MMR-proficient (MMRp) EC. Endometrial tumors from women with known LS were identified (
= 25). Comparator tumors were recruited prospectively and underwent microsatellite instability (MSI) testing, immunohistochemistry (IHC) for MMR expression and
methylation testing. Those found to have
hypermethylation formed the sporadic MMR-deficient group (
= 33). Those found to be mismatch repair proficient and microsatellite stable formed the MMR-proficient group (
= 35). A fully automated monoplex IHC panel was performed on sequential formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor sections to identify CD3+, CD8+, CD45RO+, FoxP3+, and PD-1+ immune cells, and PD-L1 expression by tumor/immune cells. Two independent observers quantified immune marker expression at the tumor center and invasive margin. Mean and overall compartmental T-cell counts generated standard (binary: Low/High) and higher resolution (quaternary: 0-25, 25-50, 50-75, 75-100%) immune scores, which were used as explanatory features in neural network, support vector machine, and discriminant predictive modeling. Overall T-cell counts were significantly different between the three cohorts: CD3+ (
= <0.0001), CD8+ (
= <0.0001), CD45RO+ (<0.0001), FoxP3+ (
= <0.0001), and PD1+ (
= <0.0001), with LS-associated MMR-deficient tumors having highest infiltrations. There were significant differences in CD8+ (
= 0.02), CD45RO+ (
= 0.007), and PD-1+ (
= 0.005) T-cell counts at the invasive margin between LS-associated and sporadic MMR-deficient tumors, but not between sporadic MMR-deficient and MMR-proficient tumors. Predictive modeling could accurately determine MMR status based on CD8+ T-cell counts within the tumor center alone. This study shows that LS-associated and sporadic MMR-deficient EC are distinct immunological entities, which has important implications for treatment and prognosis.
Journal Article
Is Ignorance Bliss? THe Effect of Asymmetric Information between Spouses on Intra-Household Allocations
We conducted a field experiment in Southern Ghana to test the effect of asymmetric information on intrahousehold allocation. A lottery was conducted, where prizes were distributed in public and in private. The results indicate that asymmetric information over windfalls has a differential effect on observable and concealable expenses, consistent with hiding. Husbands' public windfalls increase investment in assets and social capital, while there is no such effect when wives win. Private windfalls of both spouses are committed to cash (wives) or in-kind gifts (husband) which are either difficult to monitor or to reverse if discovered by the other spouse.
Journal Article