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"Waltman, Michael"
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Stratagems and heuristics in the recruitment of children into communities of hate: The fabric of our future nightmares
The purpose of this work is to examine the techniques used by the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan to recruit children to their organization through their \"Just for Kids\" Web site. For reasons described in the present work, this site is significant and highly accessible to children. The theoretical lens developed for this research was derived from Whillock's (1995) analysis of the hate stratagem (a technique used to influence through trickery) and the literature on persuasive heuristics (persuasive cues that enhance the likelihood children will process the persuasive message uncritically). It is concluded that reliance on trickery and the encouragement of superficial message processing provide an ideal climate for the operation of hate appeals. The article discusses the implications this work has for our understanding of the hate stratagem, antiracist discourse, communicative interventions, and critical analyses of racist discourse.
Journal Article
Assessing the Putnam-Wilson Organizational Communication Conflict Instrument (OCCI)
The OCCI moves from a stylistic to a strategic conceptualization of conflict by assessing communicative tactics that individuals use in organizational situations. The OCCI consists of items that refer to verbal and nonverbal behaviors and to situational factors that shape choice of conflict behaviors. It also employs three rather than five modes of conflict. Although the article acclaims the internal reliability of the scale, it quibbles with the decision to combine collaborating and compromise and with the apparent item desirability bias inherent in the OCCI and other measures of interpersonal conflict.
Journal Article
Preadolescent Support Networks: Social-Cognitive and Communicative Characteristics of Natural \Peer Counselors\
The extant literature examining children's peer groups identifies specific SS groups into which children may be categorized according to levels of acceptability. Derived sociometrically, children's SS has been linked to social interaction & functional communication skills. The major limitation of this literature is that structural differences exist in children's SS depending on different contexts -- which have not fully been explored. Here, an attempt is made to define the structural & social-cognitive differences in children's social placement within a specific context, that of providing social support to peers. Based on the premise that certain children are viewed as more supportive by peers (termed lay \"peer counselors\"), it was hypothesized that the peer counselors would have more advanced social-cognitive & communicative abilities than the remaining children. Results of a network analysis of questionnaire data (N = 24 children) reveal that the peer counselors are identifiable through the network roles they assume. 31 References. AA
Journal Article
The Evolution of Case Arguments In Teachers' Bargaining
This paper borrows the concept of \"case\" from academic debate and the concept of evolution from negotiation to analyze case arguments that evolve during a 10-hour teachers' bargaining. The paper adopts a developmental model of case based on bargaining interaction. Transcripts of the sessions are analyzed by plotting the argumentative clash, by identifying case types, and by determining patterns of case development. The study reveals that case type changes through offering counterproposals, clashing on issues, and shifting arguments for and against a proposal. Moreover, patterns of case development indicate which issues are resolved through problem solving as opposed to compromises and which ones emerge as salient or become dropped in the negotiation.
Journal Article
An assessment of the convergent and discriminant validity of the BATs checklist and a test of the heuristic-processing explanation of likelihood-of-use ratings
In recent years a common method of assessing teachers' classroom management has been the BATs checklist. Although this instrument has been widely used in measuring teachers classroom management efforts little validational work has been conducted on this data collection technique. This dissertation employs three studies assessing the convergent and discriminant validity of the BATs checklist. The convergent validity of the BATs checklist was assessed by comparing teachers' likelihood-of-use ratings with students' and student teachers' ratings of the frequency of teacher BAT use. It was hypothesized that the BATs checklist would fail this test of convergent validity. That hypothesis was not supported. The discriminant validity of the BATs checklist was assessed by correlating the likelihood-of-use ratings of prospective and experienced teachers with those same teachers' perceptions of the social appropriateness of checklist items. Likelihood-of-use ratings should not correlate too highly with the perceived social appropriateness of checklist items because fifty years of direct observation of teacher discipline strategies suggests that teachers routinely employ negative and impolite strategies to correct student misbehavior. The BATs checklist failed this test of discriminant validity. Subjects' likelihood-of-use ratings were highly correlated with the perceived politeness of the items on the BATs checklist. Finally, the heuristic processing explanation of likelihood-of-use ratings was tested. The conditions thought to provoke the heuristic processing of information were manipulated. Subjects in the decrease heuristic processing condition endorsed more impolite and fewer polite BATs than subjects in the control condition.
Dissertation
