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Restoration of degraded arid and semi‐arid lands (ASALs) dryland ecosystems gained traction globally with the enactment of the Bonn Challenge and UN Decade of Restoration. This has been domesticated in Kenya's context by The Forest and Landscape Restoration Implementation Plan (FOLAREP). However, effectively monitoring restored ecosystems is crucial but challenging because of data gaps and technical hurdles, highlighting the need for innovative approaches to assess and restore biodiversity. This study aimed to pilot soil environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to detect species compositions rapidly, evaluate population structures and abundances, and characterize taxonomic groups. The results from this study serve as a foundational step toward monitoring the impact of water bunds, a restoration approach on biodiversity conservation, in Lower Naibunga Community Conservancy in Laikipia County, Kenya. This study used 16S rDNA and rbCL metabarcoding to assess prokaryotic and plant diversity. Plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria species attributed to enhancing nutrient availability and improving plant resilience to abiotic stress were prevalent across all six sites: Lorubai (Site 1), Burtany (Site 2), Nkirashi (Site 3), Losopukia (Site 4), Munushoi (Site 5), and Loika (Site 6). Plant species attributed to drought tolerance and rangeland rehabilitation were also identified. The study demonstrates the potential of eDNA metabarcoding as an effective tool for monitoring nature‐based solutions (NbS) interventions to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem restoration in ASALs. The restoration of terrestrial ecosystems in Arid and Semi‐arid Lands (ASALs) has gained momentum through initiatives like the Bonn Challenge and Kenya's Forest and Landscape Restoration Implementation Plan (FOLAREP). This study piloted soil environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to assess biodiversity in restored areas of Lower Naibunga Community Conservancy, Laikipia County, Kenya, using 16S rDNA and rbCL markers. Results indicated the prevalence of plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria and drought‐tolerant plant species, demonstrating the potential of eDNA metabarcoding as a monitoring tool for nature‐based restoration interventions.

The production -consumption cycle needs a transition towards a circular economy where waste valorization is included. This study investigated briquetting as a stabilization method for black soldier fly frass (BSFF) with faecal matter, pig and poultry manure as the larval feed. Herein, dried BSFF was pyrolyzed at 350 °C for 2 h to produce biochar then mixed with charcoal dust in equal ratio to produce bio-briquettes through densification, with a binder (10 wt%). One-way ANOVA showed statistical significance in carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. There were significant differences between calorific value, volatile matter, fixed carbon, moisture and ash content of the bio-briquettes. Fixed carbon, volatile matter, moisture, and ash content ranged from 29.66 ± 0.86 to 42.01 ± 0.92, 29.26 ± 0.52 to 32.59 ± 0.80, 2.95 ± 0.1 to 5.08 ± 0.04, and 21.48 ± 0.14 to 37.20 ± 0.29, respectively. Calorific value ranged from 16.25 ± 0.57 to 20.70 ± 0.53 MJ/kg, which exceeds the minimum requirement of 14.5 MJ/kg recommended for non-woody briquettes. During combustion, concentrations of NOx, N2O, CO, and CO2 varied significantly. Briquetting is a potential stabilization method for frass resulting in waste reduction, bioenergy production, reduced adverse effects of climate change, and enhanced sustainability.

Background Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in Eastern Africa. The majority of patients with ESCC in Eastern Africa present with advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. Several palliative interventions for ESCC are currently in use within the region, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy with and without chemotherapy, and esophageal stenting with self-expandable metallic stents; however, the comparative effectiveness of these interventions in a low resource setting has yet to be examined. Methods This prospective, observational, multi-center, open cohort study aims to describe the therapeutic landscape of ESCC in Eastern Africa and investigate the outcomes of different treatment strategies within the region. The 4.5-year study will recruit at a total of six sites in Kenya, Malawi and Tanzania (Ocean Road Cancer Institute and Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center in Moshi, Tanzania; Tenwek Hospital in Bomet, Kenya; Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Eldoret, Kenya; and Kamuzu Central Hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi). Treatment outcomes that will be evaluated include overall survival, quality of life (QOL) and safety. All patients (≥18 years old) who present to participating sites with a histopathologically-confirmed or presumptive clinical diagnosis of ESCC based on endoscopy or barium swallow will be recruited to participate. Key clinical and treatment-related data including standardized QOL metrics will be collected at study enrollment, 1 month following treatment, 3 months following treatment, and thereafter at 3-month intervals until death. Vital status and QOL data will be collected through mobile phone outreach. Discussion This study will be the first study to prospectively compare ESCC treatment strategies in Eastern Africa, and the first to investigate QOL benefits associated with different treatments in sub-Saharan Africa. Findings from this study will help define optimal management strategies for ESCC in Eastern Africa and other resource-limited settings and will serve as a benchmark for future research. Trial registration This study was retrospectively registered with the ClinicalTrials.gov database on December 15, 2021,  NCT05177393 .