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"Wang, Chao-Yang"
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Thermally modulated lithium iron phosphate batteries for mass-market electric vehicles
The pursuit of energy density has driven electric vehicle (EV) batteries from using lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes in early days to ternary layered oxides increasingly rich in nickel; however, it is impossible to forgo the LFP battery due to its unsurpassed safety, as well as its low cost and cobalt-free nature. Here we demonstrate a thermally modulated LFP battery to offer an adequate cruise range per charge that is extendable by 10 min recharge in all climates, essentially guaranteeing EVs that are free of range anxiety. Such a thermally modulated LFP battery designed to operate at a working temperature around 60 °C in any ambient condition promises to be a well-rounded powertrain for mass-market EVs. Furthermore, we reveal that the limited working time at the high temperature presents an opportunity to use graphite of low surface areas, thereby prospectively prolonging the EV lifespan to greater than two million miles.
Ternary layered oxides dominate the current automobile batteries but suffer from material scarcity and operational safety. Here the authors report that, when operating at around 60 °C, a low-cost lithium iron phosphate-based battery exhibits ultra-safe, fast rechargeable and long-lasting properties.
Journal Article
Battery systems engineering
A complete all-in-one reference on the important interdisciplinary topic of Battery Systems Engineering Focusing on the interdisciplinary area of battery systems engineering, this book provides the background, models, solution techniques, and systems theory that are necessary for the development of advanced battery management systems. It covers the topic from the perspective of basic electrochemistry as well as systems engineering topics and provides a basis for battery modeling for system engineering of electric and hybrid electric vehicle platforms. This original approach gives a useful overview for systems engineers in chemical, mechanical, electrical, or aerospace engineering who are interested in learning more about batteries and how to use them effectively. Chemists, material scientists, and mathematical modelers can also benefit from this book by learning how their expertise affects battery management. ● Approaches a topic which has experienced phenomenal growth in recent years ● Topics covered include: Electrochemistry; Governing Equations; Discretization Methods; System Response and Battery Management Systems ● Include tables, illustrations, photographs, graphs, worked examples, homework problems, and references, to thoroughly illustrate key material ● Ideal for engineers working in the mechanical, electrical, and chemical fields as well as graduate students in these areas A valuable resource for Scientists and Engineers working in the battery or electric vehicle industries, Graduate students in mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, chemical engineering.
eBook
Creation of memory–memory entanglement in a metropolitan quantum network
Towards realizing the future quantum internet
1
,
2
, a pivotal milestone entails the transition from two-node proof-of-principle experiments conducted in laboratories to comprehensive multi-node set-ups on large scales. Here we report the creation of memory–memory entanglement in a multi-node quantum network over a metropolitan area. We use three independent memory nodes, each of which is equipped with an atomic ensemble quantum memory
3
that has telecom conversion, together with a photonic server where detection of a single photon heralds the success of entanglement generation. The memory nodes are maximally separated apart for 12.5 kilometres. We actively stabilize the phase variance owing to fibre links and control lasers. We demonstrate concurrent entanglement generation between any two memory nodes. The memory lifetime is longer than the round-trip communication time. Our work provides a metropolitan-scale testbed for the evaluation and exploration of multi-node quantum network protocols and starts a stage of quantum internet research.
A metropolitan-area quantum network based on the generation of pairwise entanglement is formed by three atomic quantum memories connected to a central photonic server.
Journal Article
Battery electronification: intracell actuation and thermal management
Electrochemical batteries – essential to vehicle electrification and renewable energy storage – have ever-present reaction interfaces that require compromise among power, energy, lifetime, and safety. Here we report a chip-in-cell battery by integrating an ultrathin foil heater and a microswitch into the layer-by-layer architecture of a battery cell to harness intracell actuation and mutual thermal management between the heat-generating switch and heat-absorbing battery materials. The result is a two-terminal, drop-in ready battery with no bulky heat sinks or heavy wiring needed for an external high-power switch. We demonstrate rapid self-heating (∼ 60 °C min
−
1
), low energy consumption (0.138% °C
−
1
of battery energy), and excellent durability (> 2000 cycles) of the greatly simplified chip-in-cell structure. The battery electronification platform unveiled here opens doors to include integrated-circuit chips inside energy storage cells for sensing, control, actuating, and wireless communications such that performance, lifetime, and safety of electrochemical energy storage devices can be internally regulated.
Batteries have ever-present reaction interfaces that requires compromise among power, energy, lifetime, and safety. Here, the authors report a chip-in-cell battery by integrating an ultrathin foil heater and a microswitch into the layer-by-layer architecture of a battery cell to actuate its internal states.
Journal Article
Azvudine is a thymus-homing anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug effective in treating COVID-19 patients
Azvudine (FNC) is a nucleoside analog that inhibits HIV-1 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Recently, we discovered FNC an agent against SARS-CoV-2, and have taken it into Phase III trial for COVID-19 patients. FNC monophosphate analog inhibited SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 coronavirus with an EC
50
between 1.2 and 4.3 μM, depending on viruses or cells, and selective index (SI) in 15–83 range. Oral administration of FNC in rats revealed a substantial thymus-homing feature, with FNC triphosphate (the active form) concentrated in the thymus and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Treating SARS-CoV-2 infected rhesus macaques with FNC (0.07 mg/kg, qd, orally) reduced viral load, recuperated the thymus, improved lymphocyte profiles, alleviated inflammation and organ damage, and lessened ground-glass opacities in chest X-ray. Single-cell sequencing suggested the promotion of thymus function by FNC. A randomized, single-arm clinical trial of FNC on compassionate use (
n
= 31) showed that oral FNC (5 mg, qd) cured all COVID-19 patients, with 100% viral ribonucleic acid negative conversion in 3.29 ± 2.22 days (range: 1–9 days) and 100% hospital discharge rate in 9.00 ± 4.93 days (range: 2–25 days). The side-effect of FNC is minor and transient dizziness and nausea in 16.12% (5/31) patients. Thus, FNC might cure COVID-19 through its anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity concentrated in the thymus, followed by promoted immunity.
Journal Article
Fast charging of lithium-ion batteries at all temperatures
Fast charging is a key enabler of mainstream adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). None of today’s EVs can withstand fast charging in cold or even cool temperatures due to the risk of lithium plating. Efforts to enable fast charging are hampered by the trade-off nature of a lithium-ion battery: Improving low-temperature fast charging capability usually comes with sacrificing cell durability. Here, we present a controllable cell structure to break this trade-off and enable lithium plating-free (LPF) fast charging. Further, the LPF cell gives rise to a unified charging practice independent of ambient temperature, offering a platform for the development of battery materials without temperature restrictions. We demonstrate a 9.5 Ah 170 Wh/kg LPF cell that can be charged to 80% state of charge in 15 min even at −50 °C (beyond cell operation limit). Further, the LPF cell sustains 4,500 cycles of 3.5-C charging in 0 °C with <20% capacity loss, which is a 90× boost of life compared with a baseline conventional cell, and equivalent to >12 y and >280,000 miles of EV lifetime under this extreme usage condition, i.e., 3.5-C or 15-min fast charging at freezing temperatures.
Journal Article
Nomogram for predicting the survival of gastric adenocarcinoma patients who receive surgery and chemotherapy
Background
Surgery is the only way to cure gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC), and chemotherapy is the basic adjuvant management for GAC. A significant prognostic nomogram for predicting the respective disease-specific survival (DSS) rates of GAC patients who receive surgery and chemotherapy has not been established.
Objective
We were planning to establish a survival nomogram model for GAC patients who receive surgery and chemotherapy.
Methods
We identified 5764 GAC patients who had received surgery and chemotherapy from the record of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. About 70% (
n
= 4034) of the chosen GAC patients were randomly assigned to the training set, and the rest of the included ones (
n
= 1729) were assigned to the external validation set. A prognostic nomogram was constructed by the training set and the predictive accuracy of it was validated by the validation set.
Results
Based on the outcome of a multivariate analysis of candidate factors, a nomogram was developed that encompassed age at diagnosis, number of regional lymph nodes examined after surgery, number of positive regional lymph nodes
,
sex
,
race, grade, derived AJCC stage, summary stage, and radiotherapy status. The C-index (Harrell’s concordance index) of the nomogram model was some larger than that of the traditional seventh AJCC staging system (0.707 vs 0.661). Calibration plots of the constructed nomogram displayed that the probability of DSS commendably accord with the survival rate. Integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) revealed obvious increase and categorical net reclassification improvement (NRI) showed visible enhancement. IDI for 3-, 5- and 10- year DSS were 0.058, 0.059 and 0.058, respectively (
P
> 0.05), and NRI for 3-, 5- and 10- year DSS were 0.380 (95% CI = 0.316–0.470), 0.407 (95% CI = 0.350–0.505), and 0.413 (95% CI = 0.336–0.519), respectively. Decision curve analysis (DCA) proved that the constructed nomogram was preferable to the AJCC staging system.
Conclusion
The constructed nomogram supplies more credible DSS predictions for GAC patients who receive surgery and chemotherapy in the general population. According to validation, the new nomogram will be beneficial in facilitating individualized survival predictions and useful when performing clinical decision-making for GAC patients who receive surgery and chemotherapy.
Journal Article
Fast charging of energy-dense lithium-ion batteries
Lithium-ion batteries with nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes and graphite anodes have reached specific energies of 250–300 Wh kg
−1
(refs.
1
,
2
), and it is now possible to build a 90 kWh electric vehicle (EV) pack with a 300-mile cruise range. Unfortunately, using such massive batteries to alleviate range anxiety is ineffective for mainstream EV adoption owing to the limited raw resource supply and prohibitively high cost. Ten-minute fast charging enables downsizing of EV batteries for both affordability and sustainability, without causing range anxiety. However, fast charging of energy-dense batteries (more than 250 Wh kg
−
1
or higher than 4 mAh cm
−
2
) remains a great challenge
3
,
4
. Here we combine a material-agnostic approach based on asymmetric temperature modulation with a thermally stable dual-salt electrolyte to achieve charging of a 265 Wh kg
−
1
battery to 75% (or 70%) state of charge in 12 (or 11) minutes for more than 900 (or 2,000) cycles. This is equivalent to a half million mile range in which every charge is a fast charge. Further, we build a digital twin of such a battery pack to assess its cooling and safety and demonstrate that thermally modulated 4C charging only requires air convection. This offers a compact and intrinsically safe route to cell-to-pack development. The rapid thermal modulation method to yield highly active electrochemical interfaces only during fast charging has important potential to realize both stability and fast charging of next-generation materials, including anodes like silicon and lithium metal.
A new approach to charging energy-dense electric vehicle batteries, using temperature modulation with a dual-salt electrolyte, promises a range in excess of 500,000 miles using only rapid (under 12 minute) charges.
Journal Article
Probiotics for Preventing Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: A Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is still an important cause of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated patients. The efficacy of the probiotics for preventing VAP is still controversial. Present study was conducted to comprehensively evaluate the effect of probiotics on VAP prevention in mechanically ventilated patients.
PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL were searched up to September 2016. Eligible trials designed with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing probiotics with control in mechanically ventilated patients were included. Risk ratios (RRs) and mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with fixed or random effects models. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was performed using TSA 0.9beta software.
Thirteen RCTs (
= 1969) were included. Overall, probiotics were associated with reduced incidence of VAP (RR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.60-0.89;
= 0.002), which was confirmed by TSA (TSA adjusted 95% CI = 0.55-0.96). However, no significant difference was observed in 90-day mortality (RR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.72-1.37;
= 0.99), overall mortality (RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.70-1.02;
= 0.09), 28-day mortality (RR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.72-1.57;
= 0.99), intensive care unit (ICU) mortality (RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.74-1.27;
= 0.82), hospital mortality (RR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.65-1.02;
= 0.07), diarrhea (RR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.83-1.19;
= 0.92), length of ICU stay (MD = -2.40 days, 95% CI = -6.75 to 1.95;
= 0.28), length of hospital stay (MD = -1.34 days, 95% CI = -6.21 to 3.54;
= 0.59), and duration of mechanical ventilation (MD = -3.32 days, 95% CI = -6.74 to 0.09;
= 0.06).
In this meta-analysis, we found that probiotics could reduce the incidence of VAP in mechanically ventilated patients. It seems likely that probiotics provide clinical benefits for mechanically ventilated patients.
Journal Article