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Background Mesenchymal stem cells are of great interest because of their multipotency, immune modulation capacity, and tissue and vascular regeneration effects. They are used in treating type 1 diabetes mellitus, helping improve the pancreatic environment and insulin secretion. Type 1 diabetes mellitus predominantly affects children and adolescents, with early onset and a prolonged course that can lead to multiorgan complications and related disorders. Studies using mesenchymal stem cells to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus have yielded promising results. This review discusses the common animal models of type 1 diabetes mellitus, mesenchymal stem cell immunotherapy mechanisms, and combined diabetes treatments. Its purpose is to summarize the current evidence on mesenchymal stem cell use in type 1 diabetes, providing insights for further research directions. Main findings Current studies show that mesenchymal stem cells play an active role in the treatment of type 1 diabetes; however, clinical trials remain rare, necessitating more basic and preclinical research to identify optimal treatments. Conclusions Mesenchymal stem cells can treat type 1 diabetes through a variety of immune mechanisms and also play a positive role in the treatment of type 1 diabetes complications. At the same time, it can be combined with other therapies to play a better therapeutic role.

Given the global prevalence of prostate cancer in men, it is crucial to explore more effective treatment strategies. Recently, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising cancer treatment due to its unique mechanism of action and potential long-term effectiveness. However, its limited efficacy in prostate cancer has prompted renewed interest in developing strategies to improve immunotherapy outcomes. Nanomedicine offers a novel perspective on cancer treatment with its unique size effects and surface properties. By employing targeted delivery, controlled release, and enhanced immunogenicity, nanoparticles can be synergized with nanomedicine platforms to amplify the effectiveness of immunotherapy in treating prostate cancer. Simultaneously, nanotechnology can address the limitations of immunotherapy and the challenges of immune escape and tumor microenvironment regulation. Additionally, the synergistic effects of combining nanomedicine with other therapies offer promising clinical outcomes. Innovative applications of nanomedicine include smart nanocarriers, stimulus-responsive systems, and precision medicine approaches to overcome translational obstacles in prostate cancer immunotherapy. This review highlights the transformative potential of nanomedicine in enhancing prostate cancer immunotherapy and emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to drive research and clinical applications forward.

The severity and threat posed by inflammation are well documented, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), as important inducers of inflammatory responses, are widely recognized for studying host immunity and the resulting tissue and organ damage. The LPS-induced disease model, triggers a remarkable release of inflammatory factors, immune and coagulation dysfunction, and damage to vital organs such as the brain, lungs, heart, liver, and kidneys. Recently, the role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in various clinical diseases has garnered significant attention due to their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, tissue healing, anti-apoptotic, and antibacterial properties. Despite the common use of LPS models to induce disease models and simulate acute inflammation, the integration of stem cell therapy within these models remains underexplored. This article integrates the LPS induced animal model and reviews the current evidence regarding the therapeutic mechanisms of stem cells in LPS-induced disease models across various human body systems. Furthermore, this review predicts and hypothesizes the feasibility and potential of using stem cells in disease models that have not yet been extensively studied, based on existing animal inflammation models. Graphic abstract

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that damages periodontal tissues and is mainly caused by immune dysfunction. Current treatments, such as mechanical debridement and adjunctive antimicrobial, work poorly; periodontal surgery brings pain and complications. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a powerful ability to regulate immune responses and great potential for tissue regeneration, thus attracting extensive attention in the field of periodontal treatment. However, in the microenvironment of chronic periodontal inflammation, the therapeutic effect of MSCs is severely inhibited. Recent studies show that MSCs can transfer mitochondria to change energy metabolism, thereby regulating immune cell differentiation and function, lowering local immune responses. Therefore, this review proposes an innovative strategy of treating periodontitis using mitochondrial transfer by MSCs. It explores how mitochondrial transfer helps restore energy metabolism, reduce oxidative stress, and regulate immune cell function. This approach may reshape the immune-metabolic network in the periodontal microenvironment, reduce local chronic inflammation, and promote periodontal tissue regeneration. With the development of new technologies, treatments based on mitochondrial transfer from MSCs are expected to become more accurate and efficient in future clinical applications. In addition, this review introduces the “organ-immune-metabolism” three-dimensional regeneration model, which integrates organ repair, immune regulation, and metabolic reprogramming. We hope this review may offer new therapeutic insights for researchers in oral biology and periodontists treating periodontitis and other immune-related diseases.

The gut microbiota composition in Crohn's disease (CD) patients may influence their response to ustekinumab (UST) therapy. A total of 51 patients with active CD undergoing UST therapy were prospectively enrolled. Clinical activity was evaluated using the Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI), and faecal microbiota were characterised by 16S rRNA sequencing at baseline and week 24. Microbial compositional and functional alterations were assessed, and their correlations with clinical outcomes were examined. At week 24, 46.7% of patients achieved clinical remission and 82.2% achieved clinical response. At baseline, Megamonas (p = 0.009) and Erysipelatoclostridium (p = 0.030) were enriched in the remission group, whereas Fusobacterium (p = 0.016) was more abundant in the non‐remission group and correlated positively with C‐reactive protein (CRP) but negatively with body mass index (BMI) and serum albumin (ALB). Longitudinal analysis showed that CR patients exhibited increased Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (p = 0.028) and decreased Granulicatella (p = 0.043) after 24 weeks. This study provides real‐world evidence supporting the clinical efficacy of UST in Asian patients with active CD. The observed association between elevated baseline Fusobacterium abundance and poorer treatment response suggests a potential microbial influence on therapeutic outcomes. These findings highlight the potential of Fusobacterium as a predictive biomarker for UST response and could provide a rationale for integrating microbiota‐modulating strategies to enhance the efficacy of biologics in the future. Baseline enrichment of Fusobacterium predicts poor response to ustekinumab in Crohn's disease, while Megamonas and Erysipelatoclostridium are enriched in responders, suggesting gut microbiota as a potential biomarker for personalised therapy.

Osteosarcoma is the predominant primary malignant bone tumor that poses a significant global health challenge. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate gene expression are associated with osteosarcoma pathogenesis. Thus, miRNAs are potential therapeutic targets for osteosarcoma. Nanoparticles, widely used for targeted drug delivery, facilitate miRNA-based osteosarcoma treatment. Numerous studies have focused on miRNA delivery using nanoparticles to inhibit the progress of osteosarcoma. Polymer-based, lipid-based, inorganic-based nanoparticles and extracellular vesicles were used to deliver miRNAs for the treatment of osteosarcoma. They can be modified to enhance drug loading and delivery capabilities. Also, miRNA delivery was combined with traditional therapies, for example chemotherapy, to treat osteosarcoma. Consequently, miRNA delivery offers promising therapeutic avenues for osteosarcoma, providing renewed hope for patients. This review emphasizes the studies utilizing nanoparticles for miRNA delivery in osteosarcoma treatment, then introduced and summarized the nanoparticles in detail. And it also discusses the prospects for clinical applications.

Interest in prostate cancer as a research topic has gradually increased. As a result, a series of innovative treatment strategies have emerged with an in-depth understanding of the disease. Owing to their unique biological characteristics, mesenchymal stromal cell exosomes (MSC-Exos) have garnered significant attention for their potential to deliver targeted drugs and enable precise prostate cancer treatment. Herein, prostate cancer treatment with MSC-Exos drug-delivery systems is reviewed. This review provides a comprehensive introduction to the advantages of these systems, current research trends and progress, as well as an analysis of current challenges and future research directions. Moreover, this review lays a solid foundation for the continued development and application of MSC-Exos. Graphical abstract

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is an acquired disorder characterized by systemic activation of blood coagulation, which can arise from various causes. Owing to its abrupt onset, rapid progression, and high mortality rate, DIC presents a major clinical challenge. Anticoagulant drugs, such as heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin, are the current gold standard of treatment; however, these interventions pose considerable bleeding risks. Thus, safer and more effective therapeutic strategies are urgently required. Owing to their strong anti-inflammatory and tissue repair capabilities, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) have gained considerable attention as novel therapeutic options for numerous disorders, including DIC. Their stability in diverse pathological states highlights their potential as promising candidates for DIC therapy. This review presents the latest insights on the pathogenesis of DIC and anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant properties of MSC-Exos. We aimed to elucidate the potential mechanisms by which MSC-Exos influence DIC pathogenesis. We speculate that MSC-Exos offer a multifaceted approach to DIC treatment by attenuating neutrophil extracellular trap formation, modulating M1/M2 macrophage polarization, altering Nrf2/NF-κB signalling pathway to downregulate pro-inflammatory factors, and correcting imbalances in the coagulation-fibrinolysis system through anticoagulant routes. This suggests that MSC-Exos are a potential paradigm in DIC therapy, offering novel targets and treatment modalities for DIC management.

Visual representation in school textbooks plays an important role for physics teaching and learning. The integration of graphics with text has drawn attention of physics educators in recent years due to the close relationship between graphics and relevant text. The purpose of this study is to examine visual representation of optical content in three physics textbooks commonly used in China and Singapore. Based on a revised version of graphical analysis protocol, this study focuses on two aspects of visual representation: (i) presentation of graphics, and (ii) integration of graphics with corresponding text. The content analysis approach was adopted as the research methodology with 115 graphics taken from the three physics textbooks being the analysis target. The results show that the three textbooks had considerable differences in terms of graphical presentations and that they contained a small percentage of high systematical representations. On integration of graphics with text, each textbook was found to be unique. Based on the results of this study, some recommendations are provided for visual representation in physics textbooks so as to enhance the effectiveness of textbooks on teaching and learning, such as highlighting physical and semantic integration of text with graphics.

BackgroundThe composition of baseline fecal microbiota in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) may be associated with the response to ustekinumab (UST) therapy.MethodsThis study involved 74 CD patients receiving UST treatment. Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and fecal samples were collected at week 0 (Pre) and week 16/24 (Post). Clinical remission was defined as a CDAI<150, and clinical response was defined as a decrease in CDAI>=100 from the baseline. Totally, 41 patients with active CD were divided into the clinical remission (CR) group and non-clinical remission (non_CR) group and fecal microbiota were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing at week 0, meanwhile, the microbial differences were analyzed using LEfSe and PICRUSt. Additionally, fecal samples from 15 CD patients at weeks 0 and 16/24 were collected for sequencing.Results41.18% (21/51) of patients with active CD achieved clinical remission at week 16/24, with a total of 72.55% (37/51) achieving clinical response (IDDF2025-ABS-0271 figure 1). Significantly, there were remarkable alterations in the composition of gut microbiota between the CR group and non_CR group at week (IDDF2025-ABS-0271 figure 2). The relative abundance of Megamonas (P=0.009) and Erysipelatoclostridium (P=0.030) was increased in fecal samples from the CR group compared to the non_CR group. Conversely, Fusobacterium (P=0.016) was found to be the predominant flora in the non_CR group (IDDF2025-ABS-0271 figure 3). The abundance of Fusobacterium showed a positive correlation with C-reactive protein while exhibiting a negative correlation with body mass index and serum albumin (IDDF2025-ABS-0271 figure 6). And the analysis of 15 fecal samples revealed that in the 6 CR cases and 9 non_CR cases, compared to week 0, the CR group exhibited an increased relative abundance of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 (P=0.028) and decreased Granulicatella (P=0.043) at week 16/24 (IDDF2025-ABS-0271 figure 4, IDDF2025-ABS-0271 figure 5).Abstract IDDF2025-ABS-0271 Figure 1Abstract IDDF2025-ABS-0271 Figure 2Abstract IDDF2025-ABS-0271 Figure 3Abstract IDDF2025-ABS-0271 Figure 4Abstract IDDF2025-ABS-0271 Figure 5Abstract IDDF2025-ABS-0271 Figure 6ConclusionsUST has demonstrated significant clinical efficacy in treating active CD. Furthermore, baseline elevated Fusobacterium microbial taxa may be closely associated with a worse response to UST therapy.