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Constructing powerful anode/cathode interphases by modulate ion solvation structure is the principle of electrolyte design. However, the methodological and theoretical design principles of electrolyte/solvation structure and their effect on electrochemical performance are still vague. Here, we propose a cationic weakly coordinating-intervention strategy for modulating the Na + solvation sheathes and constructing robust anode/cathode interphases in sodium-metal batteries. Unlike the local highly concentrated electrolytes, 1,2-difluorobenzene can weakly coordinate with Na + thus transforming the solvation structure into Na + -anion-incorporated structures and strengthening anode/cathode interphases formation by combining with salt decomposition. Furthermore, the correlations between the electrode interface properties and solvation structure are revealed, which can be tuned by the weakly coordination. Ultimately, the modulated electrolyte achieves 97.5% Coulombic efficiency for 600 cycles in Na‖Cu cells at 1 mA cm −2 and a beneficial lifetime (2500 h) in Na‖Na cells. Meanwhile, Na‖PB cells have achieved long-term operation at 4.8 V, along with operation at wide temperatures. Here, authors propose a weakly coordinating-intervention strategy to modulate the Na+ solvation sheath and construct a robust interphase in sodium-metal batteries. Correlation between electrode interface properties and solvation structure is also stated.

Rice grain quality improvement is closely linked to economic development, local dietary habits, and traditional culture. Despite significant advances in breeding over the past decade, enhancing grain quality remains a major challenge. Here, we evaluated 315 newly sequenced rice varieties (163 japonica and 152 indica) to assess milling quality (e.g., head rice yield, HRY), cooking quality (e.g., amylose content, AC), and nutritional quality (e.g., protein content, PC). Clear regional differences were observed: Yunnan and Jiangsu contributed more high-quality japonica varieties, whereas Guangdong and Guizhou produced more high-quality indica varieties. A genome-wide association study identified several QTLs and putative candidate genes associated with grain quality traits. A composite haplotype (Hap1) of the Wx gene, defined by both coding and intronic polymorphisms, was associated with low AC and high HRY. Additional putative candidate genes were suggested, including LOC_Os04g40760 and LOC_Os04g40780 (HRY), LOC_Os06g04080 (AC), and LOC_Os06g20020 (PC), with expression differences observed across growth stages. Superior haplotypes, such as Hap1 of LOC_Os04g40760 and LOC_Os04g40780 , are rare in wild rice but have increased in frequency during domestication, indicating strong selection. Collectively, these findings highlight regional disparities in the prioritisation of grain quality traits and provide preliminary genomic resources and hypotheses for future functional studies and marker-assisted breeding.

Thick electrodes represent an effective approach for augmenting energy density of batteries. However, their increased thickness invariably leads to longer electron and ion transport distance, limiting the utilization of active material and hindering practical application. Herein, an electron‐conducting‐enhanced and ion‐conducting‐enhanced strategy is presented for fabricating ultrahigh loading electrodes via constructing an interlaced 3D network. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) serve as extended electron pathways. Different from the polyvinylidene fluoride binder which needs to be dissolved into molecules for preparing electrode, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), however, exists as a separate phase inside the electrode, thus can become the extended pathways for electrolyte elongating due to its strong affinity to organic electrolyte. Note that based on the synergistic effect between CNT and PTFE, the latter can exhibit a form of long‐distance extension fibers rather than agglomeration. Finally, a LiFePO4 electrode with a record‐high loading of 141 mg cm−2 is successfully prepared. This electrode exhibits outstanding area capacity (20.7 mAh cm−2 at 0.2 C) and cycling stability with impressive energy density of 224 Wh kg−1 and 517 Wh L−1 in a full cell (graphite anode). The findings present a novel strategy for achieving high energy density in lithium‐ion batteries using existing material systems. A novel strategy is presented for fabricating thick electrodes by constructing expanded ion/electron channels where the polytetrafluoroethylene and carbon nanotube act crucial roles. An ultrahigh loading electrode, with a loading of 141 mg cm−2, elevates the energy density of lithium iron phosphate batteries to an impressive level of 224 Wh kg−1 and 517 Wh L−1, respectively.

High temperatures significantly impact rice ( Oryza sativa L.) yield and quality during the reproductive growth stage. To elucidate key genes, metabolites, and key regulatory pathways associated with heat stress responses, we subjected three inbred rice varieties, one heat-tolerant variety (R28) and two heat-sensitive varieties (R18 and Q3B), to high-temperature treatments at the booting, flowering, and grain-filling stages. Through transcriptomic analysis, we identified 48, 148, and 31 genes that were commonly upregulated or downregulated in response to heat stress across the three developmental stages; these genes were differentially expressed between heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive varieties. Cluster analysis and gene annotation revealed key genes and transcription factors involved in heat perception and response, including a gene encoding a blue blue-light Inhibitor, a calmodulin gene potentially involved in heat stress signal transduction, and a unique negative regulatory HSP gene. Metabolomic analysis revealed that the increased abundance of the metabolites eicosatetraenoic acid and arachidonic acid was closely associated with heat tolerance. By performing transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, we revealed that the flavonoid 3-hydroxylase gene at the booting stage; the fructose and mannose metabolism pathways and the metabolite mannitol at the flowering stage; and the α-linolenic acid metabolism pathway at the grain-filling stage are closely related to rice heat tolerance. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of rice heat tolerance and may guide the breeding of heat-resistant rice plants in the future.

Thick electrodes represent an effective approach for augmenting energy density of batteries. However, their increased thickness invariably leads to longer electron and ion transport distance, limiting the utilization of active material and hindering practical application. Herein, an electron‐conducting‐enhanced and ion‐conducting‐enhanced strategy is presented for fabricating ultrahigh loading electrodes via constructing an interlaced 3D network. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) serve as extended electron pathways. Different from the polyvinylidene fluoride binder which needs to be dissolved into molecules for preparing electrode, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), however, exists as a separate phase inside the electrode, thus can become the extended pathways for electrolyte elongating due to its strong affinity to organic electrolyte. Note that based on the synergistic effect between CNT and PTFE, the latter can exhibit a form of long‐distance extension fibers rather than agglomeration. Finally, a LiFePO 4 electrode with a record‐high loading of 141 mg cm −2 is successfully prepared. This electrode exhibits outstanding area capacity (20.7 mAh cm −2 at 0.2 C) and cycling stability with impressive energy density of 224 Wh kg −1 and 517 Wh L −1 in a full cell (graphite anode). The findings present a novel strategy for achieving high energy density in lithium‐ion batteries using existing material systems.

Cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury (CIRI) is the second leading cause of death worldwide, posing a huge risk to human life and health. Therefore, investigating the pathogenesis underlying CIRI and developing effective treatments are essential. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent mode of cell death, which is caused by disorders in iron metabolism and lipid peroxidation. Previous studies demonstrated that ferroptosis is also a form of autophagic cell death, and nuclear receptor coactivator 4(NCOA4) mediated ferritinophagy was found to regulate ferroptosis by interfering with iron metabolism. Ferritinophagy and ferroptosis are important pathogenic mechanisms in CIRI. This review mainly summarizes the link and regulation between ferritinophagy and ferroptosis and further discusses their mechanisms in CIRI. In addition, the potential treatment methods targeting ferritinophagy and ferroptosis for CIRI are presented, providing new ideas for the prevention and treatment of clinical CIRI in the future.

Background Respiratory fitness and sarcopenia status have been reported to be cross‐sectionally linked with each other and increase mortality risk. However, little is currently known regarding the connection between impaired respiratory function and sarcopenia and their joint effect on future death risk. Methods This study included 12 027 participants (50.8% were women; mean [SD] age, 58.9 [9.3] years) from a nationwide, prospective cohort in China (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study). Respiratory function was assessed by peak expiratory flow (PEF). Sarcopenia status was assessed according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 (AWGS 2019) criteria. Time‐to‐event survival analyses and causal mediation analyses were conducted to assess the joint association of sarcopenia and reduced PEF with all‐cause mortality. Results During a mean follow‐up of 8.64 years, 1536 deaths were recorded. After multivariable adjustment, the hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality were 1.51 (95% CI: 1.33–1.71) for possible sarcopenia and 1.67 (95% CI: 1.43–1.94) for diagnosed sarcopenia. A dose‐dependent association between PEF and mortality was observed (p‐nonlinearity > 0.05). The adjusted HRs per 1‐SD decrease in PEF were 1.29 (95% CI: 1.18–1.41), 1.15 (95% CI: 1.03–1.29), and 1.49 (95% CI: 1.30–1.71) among individuals with nonsarcopenia, possible sarcopenia, and diagnosed sarcopenia, respectively (p interaction = 0.127). Causal mediation analysis demonstrated a bidirectional mediation effect, with both natural direct and indirect effects being statistically significant. Diagnosed sarcopenia was associated with excess mortality partly mediated by reduced PEF (total effect HR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.38–1.92; natural indirect effect HR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.07–1.14; proportion mediated: 18.5%). Conversely, sarcopenia mediated 10.0% and 7.0% of the reduced PEF–mortality pathway for possible and diagnosed sarcopenia, respectively. Compared with participants who had normal PEF and no sarcopenia, the adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for mortality were 1.52 (1.22–1.89) for possible sarcopenia with normal PEF, 1.73 (1.28–2.35) for diagnosed sarcopenia with normal PEF, 1.60 (1.36–1.88) for impaired PEF without sarcopenia, 2.22 (1.87–2.64) for impaired PEF with possible sarcopenia, and 2.44 (2.01–2.97) for impaired PEF with diagnosed sarcopenia. No significant risk heterogeneity was observed across sex, age or lifestyle subgroups. Conclusions Sarcopenia and impaired respiratory function are interrelated and jointly elevate mortality risk in middle‐aged and older Chinese adults.

Background Adiposity and elevated inflammation are two hallmarks of hyperglycemia. However, it is unknown whether clustering of elevated inflammation and adiposity interact act on diabetogenesis and lead to a greater risk for incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods Adiposity was indicated by body mass index, waist circumference and ultrasonography-measured fatty liver degrees. Elevated inflammation was indicated as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels ≥ 2 mg/L. Time-to-event survival analyses were conducted to investigate the joint effect of adiposity and inflammation on incident T2D on both multiplicative and additive scales. Results Among 82,172 non-diabetic participants from a prospective cohort in China, 14,278 T2D occurred over a median follow-up of 11 years. In the multivariable-adjusted model, elevated inflammation [1.12 (1.08‒1.16)] and adiposity [1.76 (1.69‒1.83) for overweight/obesity, 1.49 (1.44‒1.55) for central obesity, and 2.02 (1.95‒2.09) for fatty liver] were significantly associated with incident diabetes. Higher adiposity-associated risks and incidence rates of diabetes were observed with elevated inflammation. When studying the joint effect, the adjusted HRs were 1.77 (1.69‒1.85) for overweight/obesity, 1.14 (1.06‒1.23) for elevated inflammation, and 2.08 (1.97‒2.19) for their joint effect, with a relative excess risk due to interaction of 0.17 (0.05‒0.28). The attributable proportions were 71.30% for overweight/obesity, 12.96% for elevated inflammation, and 15.74% for their interaction. Similar results were observed when adiposity was assessed as waist circumference or fatty liver. Conclusions Adiposity and elevated inflammation synergically lead to greater risks of incident diabetes than addition of each individual exposure. Strategies simultaneously targeting both risks should produce more benefits for diabetes prevention than through initiatives directed at each separate risk.

Euphorbia factors, lathyrane-type diterpenoids isolated from the medical herb Euphorbia lathyris L. (Euphorbiaceae), have been associated with intestinal irritation toxicity, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the transcriptome and miRNA profiles of human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells in response to Euphorbia factors L1 (EFL1) and EFL2. Whole transcriptomes of mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) were obtained using second generation high-throughput sequencing technology in response to 200 μM EFL treatment for 72 h, and the differentially expressed genes and metabolism pathway were enriched. Gene structure changes were analyzed by comparing them with reference genome sequences. After 72 h of treatment, 16 miRNAs and 154 mRNAs were differently expressed between the EFL1 group and the control group, and 47 miRNAs and 1101 mRNAs were differentially expressed between the EFL2 group and the control. Using clusters of orthologous protein enrichment, the sequenced mRNAs were shown to be mainly involved in transcription, post-translational modification, protein turnover, chaperones, signal transduction mechanisms, intracellular trafficking, secretion, vesicular transport, and the cytoskeleton. The differentially expressed mRNA functions and pathways were enriched in transmembrane transport, T cell extravasation, the IL-17 signaling pathway, apoptosis, and the cell cycle. The differentially expressed miRNA EFLs caused changes in the structure of the gene, including alternative splicing, insertion and deletion, and single nucleotide polymorphisms. This study reveals the underlying mechanism responsible for the toxicity of EFLs in intestinal cells based on transcriptome and miRNA profiles of gene expression and structure.

The effects of nitrogen (N) addition on the macro- and micronutrient concentrations, storage, and allocation of (L.) Keng, a native forage plant on the Loess Plateau in China remain unclear. We studied the effects of N addition at 0 (CK), 2.5 (N1), 5.0 (N2), and 10.0 (N3) g N m y . N addition significantly decreased the available copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and total Cu concentration, but significantly increased the available iron concentration in the soil. Cu, manganese (Mn), and sodium (Na) concentrations in aboveground tissues and potassium (K), magnesium, and Zn concentrations in belowground tissues significantly increased with N addition. Calcium (Ca) concentrations in belowground tissues decreased significantly. The ratios of above- to belowground Ca, Cu, Zn, and Mn significantly increased with N addition. The maximum ratios appeared at N2 for Cu, Zn, and Mn. The aboveground, belowground, and total biomass storage of studied nutrients significantly changed with N addition, and most attained maximum values under N2 treatment. The storage ratios of above- to belowground Cu, Zn, Mn, and Na attained maximum values at N2. We conclude that N addition significantly, but differentially influence the macro- and micronutrient concentrations and storage in . allocated and accumulated increased macro- and micronutrients to its aboveground tissues and exhibited high total storage when the amount of N addition reached 5 g N m y .