Explore the vast range of titles available.

Understanding genetic diversity patterns of endangered species is an important premise for biodiversity conservation. The critically endangered salamander Andrias davidianus, endemic to central and southern mainland in China, has suffered from sharp range and population size declines over the past three decades. However, the levels and patterns of genetic diversity of A. davidianus populations in wild remain poorly understood. Herein, we explore the levels and phylogeographic patterns of genetic diversity of wild‐caught A. davidianus using larvae and adult collection with the aid of sequence variation in (a) the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragments (n = 320 individuals; 33 localities), (b) 19 whole mtDNA genomes, and (c) nuclear recombinase activating gene 2 (RAG2; n = 88 individuals; 19 localities). Phylogenetic analyses based on mtDNA datasets uncovered seven divergent mitochondrial clades (A–G), which likely originated in association with the uplifting of mountains during the Late Miocene, specific habitat requirements, barriers including mountains and drainages and lower dispersal ability. The distributions of clades were geographic partitioned and confined in neighboring regions. Furthermore, we discovered some mountains, rivers, and provinces harbored more than one clades. RAG2 analyses revealed no obvious geographic patterns among the five alleles detected. Our study depicts a relatively intact distribution map of A. davidianus clades in natural species range and provides important knowledge that can be used to improve monitoring programs and develop a conservation strategy for this critically endangered organism. The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) is the largest extant amphibian species in the world, and it is entirely aquatic and endemic to the montane areas of central and southern China at approximately 23.5–35°N and 100–120°E. In the study, we showed a relatively intact and thorough distribution patterns of distinct A. davidianus clades in natural species range.

To evaluate the population genetic diversity as a means of devising conservation strategies, we constructed (CA)n and (CT)n enriched genomic libraries for Acipenser dabryanus , a narrowly endemic and endangered species in China. Twenty-six polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed using the fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats (FIASCO) protocol. Between 3 and 13 alleles per locus were observed. Mean expected heterozygosities ( H E ) and Shannon-Wiener Diversity Indices ( H ′) per locus ranged from 0.303 to 0.806, and from 0.480 to 1.893, respectively. The microsatellite markers described here are valuable tools for the population genetics research of A. dabryanus .

Twenty-three polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from Schizothorax macropogon and were characterized in 42 individuals collected from the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet, China. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 5 to 32 with an average of 20.17. The expected heterozygosity and Shannon-Wiener diversity index ranged from 0.709 to 0.951 and from 1.421 to 3.183, respectively. These microsatellite loci will be valuable for the evaluation of genetic diversity and population genetic structure of S. macropogon.

Liobagrus marginatoides is endemic to the upper Yangtze River basin in China. By using the fast isolation by amplified fragment length polymorphism of sequences containing repeats protocol, we identified eleven microsatellite loci in a wild population. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 10. The observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.3258 to 1.000 and from 0.6506 to 0.8712, respectively. Cross-amplification was tested in related species L. nigricauda, L. marginalus and L. kingi.

The anadromous Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), mainly endemic to the Yangtze River in China, is an endangered fish species. The natural population has declined since the Gezhouba Dam blocked its migratory route to the spawning grounds in 1981. In the near future, the completion of the Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest hydroelectric project, may further impact this species by altering the water flow of the Yangtze River. Little is currently known about the population genetic structure of the Chinese sturgeon. In this study, DNA sequence data were determined from the control region (D-loop) of the mitochondrial genome of adult sturgeons (n = 106) that were collected between 1995–2000. The molecular data were used to investigate genetic variation, effective female population size and population history of the Chinese sturgeon in the Yangtze River. Our results indicate that the reduction in abundance did not change genetic variation of the Chinese sturgeon, and that the population underwent an expansion in the past. AMOVA analysis indicated that 98.7% of the genetic variability occurred within each year's spawning populations, the year of collection had little influence on the diversity of annual temporary samples. The relative large effective female population size (N ₑf) indicates that good potential exists for the recovery of this species in the future. Strikingly, the ratio of N ₑf to the census female population size (N f) is unusually high (0.77–0.93). This may be the result of a current bottleneck in the population of the Chinese sturgeon that is likely caused by human intervention.

Fifteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from an enriched genomic library of Glyptothorax   zanaensis . The polymorphism of these loci was tested on a population of 78 individuals captured from Nujiang River. The number of observed alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 8. The expected and observed heterozygosity values ranged from 0.578 to 0.820 and 0.623 to 1.000, respectively. Two loci significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction. No significant linkage disequilibrium was detected. These microsatellite markers will be useful in studies of population genetic structure of G .  zanaensis .

The hillstream fish, Glyptothorax zanaensi s (Wu et al., Oceanol Limnol Sin 12:74–79, 1981 ) is a freshwater teleost species belonging to the order Siluriformes , endemic to Nu River and Lancang River basin. Because wild stocks of G. zanaensi s have declined substantially in recent years, owing to overexploitation, pollution, illegal fishing practices and the development of hydroelectricity in the Nu River, the populations of G. zanaensis have markedly declined in recent years. We studied the mitochondrial DNA cyt b gene to assess the genetic diversity of G. zanaensis in seven tributaries of the Nu River. Seventy variable sites defined 15 haplotypes in 153 individuals. Haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were 0.542 ± 0.014 and 0.011 ± 0.007, respectively. The Sunzu River site had the highest haplotype diversity (Hd, 0.893 ± 0.014) and nucleotide diversity ( Pi, 0.010 ± 0.012). Genetic diversity was low in the Dong River, Fengwei River and Mengtong River. Pairwise F ST values ranged from 0.00 to 1.00. Significant F ST values were found for Sunzu River sampled sites paired with all other populations and Mengtong river sampled site paired with the others. Furthermore, the Nanpeng River sampled site was significantly differentiated from the Luoming River, Dong River and Fengwei River sampled sites. Such knowledge is essential for developing appropriate policies for the rational management of G. zanaensis .

This study examined the age structure of the Loach, Homatula pycnolepis through the otolith growth rings in 204 individual specimens collected from the Xiaomengtong River of the Nujiang River (Salween River) basin in April, 2008. There were only two different age classes, 1 and 2 years of age-no 3 year olds were detected. The age structure of H. pycnolepis was simple. The complete mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene sequences (1140) of 80 individuals from 4 populations collected in the Nujiang River drainage were sequenced and a total of 44 variable sites were found among 4 different haplotypes. The global haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (Pi) were calculated at 0.7595, 0.0151 respectively, and 0, 0 in each population, indicating a consistent lack of genetic diversity in each small population. There was obvious geographic structure in both the Nujiang River basin (NJB) group, and the Nanding River (NDR) group. The genetic distance between NJB and NDR was calculated at 0.0356, suggesting that

Zika virus （ZIKV） is spreading rapidly around the world in over 60 countries. There is a mounting concern over the association of ZIKV infection and devastating cases of fetal and newborn microcephaly cases [1]. The connection between ZIKV infection and microcephaly was first proposed based on the presence of ZIKV in microcephalic fetal brain tissues .

The prevention and control effects of Aphidius gifuensis against Myzus persicae in four major tobacco planting villages and towns in Shuicheng County were investigated from 2015 to 2016. The results showed that the parasitic rate of M. persicae before A. gifuensis release was 0. 85% in field,and that at 20 d after A. gifuensis release was 59. 49%. The incidence rate of aphid-transmitted virus disease was controlled at 0. 62%. The release of A. gifuensis increased its natural population quantity in field,and had obvious direct control effects against M. persicae. Meantime,it indirectly controlled the occurrence of aphid-transmitted virus disease to some extent.