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HighlightsThe working principles and limitations of current anode materials at low temperatures are elucidated.Advantages and emphases of various modification strategies, including structural design, morphology control, surface & interface modifications, and multiphase materials of low-temperature anode materials, are reviewed.Perspectives and challenges in developing novel low-temperature anode materials are discussed.The severe degradation of electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) at low temperatures poses a significant challenge to their practical applications. Consequently, extensive efforts have been contributed to explore novel anode materials with high electronic conductivity and rapid Li+ diffusion kinetics for achieving favorable low-temperature performance of LIBs. Herein, we try to review the recent reports on the synthesis and characterizations of low-temperature anode materials. First, we summarize the underlying mechanisms responsible for the performance degradation of anode materials at subzero temperatures. Second, detailed discussions concerning the key pathways (boosting electronic conductivity, enhancing Li+ diffusion kinetics, and inhibiting lithium dendrite) for improving the low-temperature performance of anode materials are presented. Third, several commonly used low-temperature anode materials are briefly introduced. Fourth, recent progress in the engineering of these low-temperature anode materials is summarized in terms of structural design, morphology control, surface & interface modifications, and multiphase materials. Finally, the challenges that remain to be solved in the field of low-temperature anode materials are discussed. This review was organized to offer valuable insights and guidance for next-generation LIBs with excellent low-temperature electrochemical performance.

A burgeoning body of the literature has studied the migration of university-bound students and university graduates in developed countries, but little research has been conducted on this issue in China. Using microdata from the 2005 1 % population sample survey, this paper examines, for the first time, the migration of university entrants and graduates in China by describing their migration patterns and modeling their choices of destination location. The migration patterns show that recent university graduates are highly concentrated in three eastern provincial units, Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong, and that the destinations of university entrants tend to be more dispersed geographically. The results from conditional logit models indicate that highly educated youths, in particular those who study in a regular university, have a strong tendency to stay in the same province after graduation. The migration of university entrants is determined mainly by regional differences in university enrollment, while the distribution of national key universities, economic opportunities, and the cost of living plays a less important role in their location choices. The migration of university graduates is driven primarily by regional differences in wage levels. Comparing with vocational college entrants, regular university entrants are attracted to regions with more national key universities. Comparing with vocational college graduates, regular university graduates are attracted to regions with higher wage levels. Our findings suggest that increasing labor market returns is a more effective approach than investing in higher education to curb brain drain in China’s less developed regions.

Background Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are a critical component of the tumor microenvironment and have been recognized as a promising biomarker and target for cancer therapy. Increasing evidence suggests that γδT cells play distinct roles in different cancers. However, the impact of γδT cells in breast cancer remains controversial. Methods In this study, we investigated the role of γδT cells in breast cancer using a comprehensive approach, including bulk and single-cell sequencing, radiomics based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), genomic data, and immunohistochemistry. Single-cell RNA profiling was used to infer the potential lineage evolution of γδT cells and their interactions with other immune cells. Bulk RNA sequencing was included to uncover the heterogeneity in signaling pathways, as well as radiotherapy and immunotherapy responses, among patients with varying levels of γδT cell abundance. Genomic analysis was used to recognize the critical gene mutations with the infiltration of γδT cells. Immunohistochemistry was performed to validate the prognostic value of γδT cells in breast cancer patients. Lastly, radiomics was used to establish a correlation between the abundance of γδT cells and the features of MRI images. Results The γδT cell infiltration was closely associated with favorable prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) but not in other subtypes of breast cancer. γδT cells may exert antitumor effects through intrinsic lineage evolution or interact with antigen-presenting cells through ligand-receptor pairs. Patients with a high γδT cell abundance may benefit more from chemotherapy or radiotherapy alone than their combination. Additionally, patients with a high γδT cell abundance were more likely to benefit from immunotherapy. Finally, we established a radiomic model based on dynamic contrast-enhanced-MRI, which indicated the potential for estimating the γδT cell abundance for patients with TNBC. Conclusion Our study provides novel insight and a theoretical basis for individualized therapy of patients with TNBC based on γδT cells.

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is caused by aberrant repair because of alveolar epithelial injury and can only be effectively treated with several compounds. Several metabolism-related biomolecular processes were found to be involved in IPF. We aimed to identify IPF subtypes based on metabolism-related pathways and explore potential drugs for each subtype. Methods: Gene profiles and clinical information were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE70867 and GSE93606). The enrichment scores for 41 metabolism-related pathways, immune cells, and immune pathways were calculated using the Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) package. The ConsensusClusterPlus package was used to cluster samples. Novel modules and hub genes were identified using weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and calibration curves were plotted, and decision curve analysis (DCA) were performed to evaluate the model in the training and validation cohorts. A connectivity map was used as a drug probe. Results: Two subtypes with significant differences in prognosis were identified based on the metabolism-related pathways. Subtype C1 had a poor prognosis, low metabolic levels, and a unique immune signature. CDS2, LCLAT1, GPD1L, AGPAT1, ALDH3A1, LAP3, ADH5, AHCYL2, and MDH1 were used to distinguish between the two subtypes. Finally, subtype-specific drugs, which can potentially treat IPF, were identified. Conclusion: The aberrant activation of metabolism-related pathways contributes to differential prognoses in patients with IPF. Collectively, our findings provide novel mechanistic insights into subtyping IPF based on the metabolism-related pathway and potential treatments, which would help clinicians provide subtype-specific individualized therapeutic management to patients.

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) have garnered significant attention due to their potential to provide high energy density, utilize earth‐abundant raw materials, and employ metal anode safely. Currently, the lack of applicable cathode materials has become one of the bottleneck issues for fully exploiting the technological advantages of RMBs. Recent studies on Mg cathodes reveal divergent storage performance depending on the electrolyte formulation, posing interfacial issues as a previously overlooked challenge. This minireview begins with an introduction of representative cathode‐electrolyte interfacial phenomena in RMBs, elaborating on the unique solvation behavior of Mg2+, which lays the foundation for interfacial chemistries. It is followed by presenting recently developed strategies targeting the promotion of Mg2+ desolvation in the electrolyte and alternative cointercalation approaches to circumvent the desolvation step. In addition, efforts to enhance the cathode‐electrolyte compatibility via electrolyte development and interfacial engineering are highlighted. Based on the abovementioned discussions, this minireview finally puts forward perspectives and challenges on the establishment of a stable interface and fast interfacial chemistry for RMBs. Interface chemistry has always been a key issue for various batteries owing to its significant effect on electrochemical performance. This minireview offers a thorough summary of cathode‐electrolyte interfacial chemistry in rechargeable magnesium batteries, including the representative interfacial phenomena, the detailed desolvation process in various electrolytes, the compatibility between cathode and electrolytes, and the perspectives on favorable interphase construction.

Tumor metastasis is a continuous and dynamic process and is a major cause of tumor-related death in triple-negative breast cancer. However, this biological process remains largely unknown in triple-negative breast cancer. The emergence of single-cell sequencing enables a deeper understanding of the tumor microenvironment and provides a new strategy for discovering the potential mechanism of tumor metastasis. Herein, we integrated the single-cell expression profiling of primary and metastatic triple-negative breast cancer by Seurat package. Nine tumor cell subgroups were identified. Enrichment analysis suggested tumor subgroups (C0, C4) were associated with tumor metastasis with poor prognosis in TNBC. Weighted gene co-expression network was constructed and identified NENF was a metastasis-related gene. Subsequently, RT-qPCR, Immunohistochemistry, and western blot confirmed NENF is highly expressed in TNBC tissues. And cell function assays indicated NENF promote cell invasion and migration through regulating EMT in TNBC. Finally, TIDE and Connectivity Map database suggest the candidate drugs for targeting NENF. In conclusion, our findings provide a new insight into the progression and metastasis of TNBC and uncover NENF may be a prognostic biomarker and potential therapy targets.

Background Occult metastases in axillary lymph nodes have been reported to be associated with poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. However, studies on the prognostic value of occult metastases have shown controversial results. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of occult lymph node metastases in breast cancer. Methods Studies published until May, 2020, which retrospectively examined negative lymph nodes by stepsectioning and/or immunohistochemistry, were retrieved from MEDLINE, EMBASE, CNKI, and Cochrane Library databases. The pooled Relative Risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were calculated to examine the associations between occult metastases and prognosis. Results Patients with occult metastases in axillary lymph nodes had poorer five-year DFS (RR = 0.930; 95% CI = 0.907–0.954) and OS (RR = 0.972; 95% CI = 0.954–0.990). Furthermore, the DFS (RR = 0.887; 95% CI = 0.810–0.972) and OS (RR = 0.896; 95% CI = 0.856–0.939) of patients with occult metastases were significantly lower after a ten-year follow-up. Conclusions Occult metastases in the axillary lymph nodes are associated with poorer DFS andOS of patients with breast cancer. Occult metastases might serve as a predictive factor of survival outcomes in patients with breast cancer.

Purpose To investigate the clinical efficacy of arthrodesis performed through anterior and lateral approaches for ankle arthritis treatment. Methods A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 86 patients with ankle arthritis treated with ankle arthrodesis between January 2019 and December 2022 was conducted. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 65 patients were ultimately included. The ankle osteoarthritis score (AOS), the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle and hindfoot scoring system, and alignment changes (medial distal tibial angle (MDTA), anterior distal tibial angle (ADTA), and Talus tilt angle (TTA)) were used to evaluate ankle function before surgery and at the last follow-up. Results Throughout the follow-up period, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, sex, operation time, average union time, union rate, total complication rate, or incidence of various types of complications. The AOSs were as follows: anterior approach group, preoperative 57.61 ± 3.64; last follow-up, 19.34 ± 2.19; lateral approach group, preoperative 56.62 ± 3.49; and last follow-up, 19.76 ± 2.39. The AOFAS scores were as follows: anterior approach group, preoperative 38.64 ± 2.52; last follow-up, 79.75 ± 4.85; lateral approach group, preoperative 37.33 ± 2.18; and last follow-up, 80.00 ± 3.70. Both patient groups exhibited good therapeutic effects before and after treatment, and there were no significant differences in the AOSs or AOFAS scores between groups at the last follow-up. Both patient groups exhibited significant changes in MDTA, TTA, and ADTA before and after treatment, and there were no significant differences between groups at the last follow-up. The preoperative TTA (5.02 ± 2.67) of the anterior approach group was smaller than that of the lateral approach group (14.28 ± 5.08), and the difference in TTA correction after different surgical approaches was significant, with the lateral approach treatment being more effective for TTA correction. Conclusion Both the anterior approach and the lateral approach for the treatment of ankle arthritis can achieve good therapeutic effects, with no significant differences in complications between the two methods, and the lateral approach has good therapeutic efficacy for varus ankle arthritis greater than 10 degrees.

The emission requirements of diesel engines are becoming increasingly strict and reducing emissions has become the key technology. In view of this development trend, the influence law of fuel injection on emission is studied in this paper. Numerical studies were performed to analyze the structural parameters of fuel injection system on combustion and emission characteristics of marine diesel engines. The numerical modelling was validated based on single-cylinder diesel engine tests and fuel injection tests. After investigating the single structural parameters on the fuel injection characteristics, the orthogonal method was used to design the double-parameter structural optimization scheme of the fuel injection system. There are 22 optimized cases selected to further investigate using the CFD method by visualizing scalar distributions in cylinder, which was helpful to explain the reason of pollutant formation. Comprehensively comparing the performance of each fuel injection system’s structural optimization scheme, moderate reduction of the discharge valve chamber volume and high-pressure tubing diameter would increase injection mass, along with faster injection rate and boosted injection pressure, leading to reduced Sauter mean diameter (SMD). Considering pollutant emission characteristics as well as economic and power concerns, case D6 with spray angle enlarging 5° showed best performance. Compared with the original condition, there was no NO deterioration and large reduction of soot emission by 65.4%, along with fuel consumption being lowered by 2.18% and more indicated power, by 2.21%. Therefore, reasonable optimization of spray angle can improve power, economy and emission performance simultaneously.

Background Fifth metatarsal base fracture (fifth MBF) and lateral collateral ankle ligament (LCAL) injury are mainly caused by plantar flexion and inversion of the foot. However, there is no relevant report on the incidence, injury type and treatment principle of the fifth MBF combined with an LCAL injury. Materials and methods We retrospectively analyzed 61 patients with fifth MBF. After admission, patients were given the symptomatic treatment and underwent standard anteroposterior (AP), 30-degree oblique foot radiographs, ankle MR and/or ultrasonic examination. The type of surgery varied base on the individual patients (type of fracture with/without lateral collateral ankle ligament injury). Results In 61 patients, there were 39 patients with LCAL injury. Among the 39 patients with LCAL injury, 24 patients with Grade I–II injury, 6 patients with Grade III injury, and 9 patients with avulsion fractures. There was no significant difference between the patients without LCAL injury and the patients with LCAL injury in terms of age ( p  = 0.67) and gender ( p  = 0.575). The incidence of fifth MBF with LCAL injury accounted for 63.93% of fifth metatarsal base fracture; the most common causes of injury included sprains and falls. The average fracture healing time was 8.3 (range, 6–12) weeks. For fifth MBF with displaced more than 2 mm, hook plate or lag screw was used for fixation; for complete rupture of LCAL, suture anchor was used to repairing the ligament; for partial LCAL injury, plaster was used for fixation after surgery; for avulsion fractures, cannulated screw or suture anchor was used for repair. None of the patients had complications such as delayed union, nonunion, and incision infection. Conclusion Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can obtain good therapeutic results in fifth MBF patients combined with LCAL injury. Moreover, defining a treatment plan for ligament injury is essential for reducing postoperative complications. This study provides a basis for epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of fifth MBF with LCAL injury.