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Superhydrophobic surfaces have great potential for application in self-cleaning and oil/water separation. However, the large-scale practical applications of superhydrophobic coating surfaces are impeded by many factors, such as complicated fabrication processes, the use of fluorinated reagents and noxious organic solvents and poor mechanical stability. Herein, we describe the successful preparation of a fluorine-free multifunctional coating without noxious organic solvents that was brushed, dipped or sprayed onto glass slides and stainless-steel meshes as substrates. The obtained multifunctional superhydrophobic and superoleophilic surfaces (MSHOs) demonstrated self-cleaning abilities even when contaminated with or immersed in oil. The superhydrophobic surfaces were robust and maintained their water repellency after being scratched with a knife or abraded with sandpaper for 50 cycles. In addition, stainless-steel meshes sprayed with the coating quickly separated various oil/water mixtures with a high separation efficiency (>93%). Furthermore, the coated mesh maintained a high separation efficiency above 95% over 20 cycles of separation. This simple and effective strategy will inspire the large-scale fabrication of multifunctional surfaces for practical applications in self-cleaning and oil/water separation.

Background Although movement representation techniques has originally been used in neurological rehabilitation, growing researches suggests that it may also introduce advantageous effects to individuals with orthopaedic injuries. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of these techniques on pain, range of motion, muscle strength, functional performance and fear of movement in individuals after orthopaedic surgeries. Method Five electronic databases were searched until April 2024. Two reviewers independently conducted study selection and data extraction. Randomized controlled studies containing individuals after limb surgeries were identified. The quality of enrolled studies and the overall certainty of evidence was assessed by scales, respectively. Egger’s test and funnel plot were used to assess publication bias. Subgroup analysis was also conducted to explore the source of heterogeneity. Results Twenty-one randomized controlled trials involving 659 postsurgical participants were identified. The meta-analysis suggested moderate-quality evidence of a positive effect on pain intensity (SMD=-0.85; 95% CI -1.26, -0.43; p  < 0.001). A low quality of evidence pointed toward a positive effect on functional scales (SMD=-0.84, 95% CI -1.27, -0.41, p  < 0.001) and range of motion (SMD = 0.8, 95% CI 0.24, 1.35, p  = 0.005). The very low quality of evidence suggested a significant effect on the functional test results (SMD=-0.8, 95% CI -1.01, -0.58, p  < 0.001). The results remained nonsignificant for muscle strength and fear of movement. Intervention quantity, Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score and intervention content were the sources of heterogeneity for pain intensity, functional scale score and range of motion, respectively. Conclusion Compared with conventional rehabilitation, movement representation techniques increase pain relief, functional performance and range of motion. Our results support the use of mental practice techniques in individuals after orthopaedic surgeries, with moderate to very low-quality evidence. Review registration This trial was registered on PROSPERO on 10 August, 2024 (CRD42024583380).

Background There have been debates on the necessity of fibular osteotomy (FO) in supramalleolar osteotomy (SMOT) for the treatment of varus ankle osteoarthritis. The purpose of the current study was to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes between SMOT with and without FO in the treatment of varus ankle osteoarthritis. Methods The SMOT group included 39 patients, and the SMOT with FO group included 24 patients. The basic information reached no significant difference between groups. The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale (AOS), modified Takakura stage and range of motion (ROM) were used for the functional evaluation. The radiologic parameters were assessed at the last follow-up to compare the degree of talar reduction between the two groups. Results Both groups achieved significant improvements in AOFAS scores, modified Takakura stage, as well as AOS pain and functional scores ( P  < 0.001). The ROM of the ankle joint in the SMOT group was significantly decreased ( P  = 0.022). In both groups, all of the radiological parameters were significantly improved ( P  < 0.01). The tibiofibular clear space (TFCS) was significantly widened in the SMOT group ( P  < 0.001). No significant difference was found between the two groups according to the functional outcomes. However, the talar tilt angle (TT) and hindfoot alignment angle (HFA) in the SMOT with FO group were significantly smaller than those in the SMOT group ( P  < 0.05). The TFCS was significantly widened in the SMOT group ( P  = 0.001). The medial displacement of the talus (MDT) was better reduced in the SMOT with FO group ( P  = 0.006). Conclusion SMOT is a promising procedure for functional improvement and malalignment correction in varus ankle osteoarthritis but reduces ankle range of motion. If SMOT is combined with FO, talar tilt and medial displacement will be better reduced.

Perchlorate (ClO 4 − ) and possibly chlorate (ClO 3 − ) are considered to be ubiquitous on Mars 1 – 5 , and the ClO 3 − /ClO 4 − abundance ratio has critical implications for the redox conditions 6 , 7 , aqueous environments 8 , 9 and habitability on Mars 10 . However, factors that control the ClO 3 − /ClO 4 − generation ratios are not well established. Here we expose mixtures of halite salt (NaCl) with Fe sulfates, Fe (hydr)oxides and Fe 3+ montmorillonite to ultraviolet radiation or ozone in an Earth or CO 2 atmosphere and show that Fe secondary mineralogy is the dominant factor controlling the ClO 3 − /ClO 4 − generation ratio: the sulfates and montmorillonite mixtures produce much higher yields of ClO 4 − than of ClO 3 − , whereas the opposite is true for the (hydr)oxide mixtures. Consistent with previous studies 11 – 18 , our results indicate that the physical state of chloride (Cl − ) (that is, solid, liquid or gas) and the characteristics of the co-occurring minerals (for example, semiconductivity, surface area, acidity) have the greatest influence, whereas oxidation sources (ultraviolet radiation or ozone) and atmospheric composition induce only secondary effects. We conclude that, under the hyperarid climate and widespread Fe (hydr)oxide abundances prevailing on Mars since the Amazonian period 19 , Cl − oxidation should produce yields of ClO 3 − that are orders of magnitude higher than those of ClO 4 − , highlighting the importance of ClO 3 − in the surficial environments and habitability of modern Mars compared with ClO 4 − . Laboratory experiments show that the type of iron mineral is the dominant factor controlling the chlorate/perchlorate (ClO 3 − /ClO 4 − ) generation ratio on Mars over oxidation methods or atmospheric composition. Chlorate yields are found to exceed perchlorate yields by orders of magnitude in the current desiccated Martian conditions.

The industrial analysis of coal can reflect the characteristics of coal and correctly evaluate the coal quality. The water, ash, volatile and fixed carbon in coal is determined by industrial analyzer. We can preliminarily judge the properties, type of coal and the way of coal processing. Calorific value is an important index for power coal blending, so measuring and analyzing calorific value is very important for coal blending. In this paper, Jing Yuan coal, Hua Ting coal and Ning Xia coal are used to analyze the effects of various indexes on calorific value.

Based on aerial visible-thermal infrared hyperspectral imaging system (CASI/SASI/TASI) data, field spectrometer data and multi-source geological information, this paper utilizes the hyperspectral data processing and feature extraction technology to identify uranium mineralization factors, the spectral features of typical tetravalent, hexavalent uranium minerals and mineralization factors are established, and hyperspectral logging technology for drill cores and trench also are developed, the relationships between radioactive intensity and spectral characteristics are built. Above methods have been applied to characterize uranium mineralization setting of granite-type and sandstone-type uranium deposits in south and northwest China, the successful outcomes of uranium prospecting have been achieved.

Postharvest losses due to pathogens are a major concern in agriculture and therefore new strategies to reduce these losses while making sure that the treated products are safe for the consumer, are of paramount importance. Chemical fungicides treatment is not only unsafe but also leads to pathogen developing resistance. Therefore, products that can reduce the development of dry rot of potato and mycotoxin accumulation, and be safe are needed. A better understanding of the induction of trichothecene biosynthesis is essential to reduce trichothecene production. The effects of three elicitors such as β-amino butyric acid (BABA), sodium silicate and chitosan, on the suppression of lesion development, trichothecene accumulation, and expression of Tri genes were assessed in potato tubers inoculated with Fusarium sulphureum . The results showed that lesion diameters were significantly reduced after treating with BABA at 100 mM for 3 d, sodium silicate at 100 mM for 2 d and chitosan at 0.50% for 3 d. Tri gene expressions were significantly down-regulated in inoculated tubers after elicitor treatments, and trichothecene accumulation were also suppressed. Meanwhile, the levels of trichothecene accumulation and Tri genes expression showed cumulative changes with the incubation time, extending after elicitor treatments. In addition, elicitor applications reduced more for type A trichothecene (T-2, DAS) than type B trichothecene (3ADON, Fus-X). It is possible that elicitors triggered downstream resistance genes to produce resistance related metabolites that suppressed the biomass of F. sulphureum , resulting in reduced Tri gene expressions and trichothecene accumulation.

The weighted-average operator and ordered-weighted-average operators are typically used in group decision making (GDM) problems to aggregate individual expert opinions to a collective opinion. However, the existing aggregation operators pay more attentions on the determination of the weights, and neglect the information about the relationship between the values being fused. In this paper, we develop a heuristic-nonlinear-aggregation (HNA) operator based on two metrics of similarity and consistency for the GDM based on incomplete judgment matrices. The similarity and consistency respectively measure the differences between a collective matrix and two optimum matrices, i.e. the optimum similarity matrix and the optimum consistency matrix, which can be calculated by quadratic programming models and the relationship between the values being fused. The validity and practicability of the HNA operator are illustrated by numerical examples.

Light emitting diode (LED-UV)/chlorine disinfection can replace UV/chlorine disinfection in wastewater treatment plants and water supply plants. Halonitromethanes (HNMs) are a class of novel nitrogenous disinfection by-products, which are characterized by higher cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than regulated disinfection by-products. Herein, the impact factors and pathways of HNMs formation from aspartic acid (ASP) were investigated during LED-UV 265 /chlorine disinfection. The results showed that three types of chlorinated-HNMs (Cl-HNMs) were found during LED-UV 265 /chlorine disinfection, and their concentrations increased first and then declined as the reaction progressed. Cl-HNMs yields increased with increasing LED-UV 265 intensity, free chlorine dosage, and ASP concentration, which declined with increasing pH (6.0–8.0). Meantime, the important impact of the coexisting ions contained in water matrices on HNMs formation from ASP was observed during LED-UV 265 /chlorine disinfection. It was found that copper ions (Cu 2+ ) promoted Cl-HNMs formation. Furthermore, when bromide (Br − ) appeared during LED-UV 265 /chlorine disinfection, nine types of HNMs were detected simultaneously. Moreover, Br − not only converted Cl-HNMs toward brominated (chlorinated)-HNMs and brominated-HNMs but also showed a marked effect on HNMs concentrations and species. Subsequently, the possible pathways of HNMs formation from ASP were proposed during LED-UV 265 /chlorine disinfection. At last, it was proved that the formation trends of HNMs obtained in the real waters were similar to those in simulated waters. This work elaborated on the influence factors and pathways of HNMs formation, which is conducive to controlling the HNMs produced during LED-UV 265 /chlorine disinfection.

Over the past few years, the rapid development of tactile sensing technology has contributed significantly to the realization of intuitional touch control and intelligent human-machine interaction. Apart from physical touch or pressure sensing, proximity sensing as a complementary function can extend the detection mode of common single functional tactile sensors. In this work, we present a transparent, matrix-structure dual functional capacitive sensor which integrates the capability of proximity and pressure sensing in one device, and the excellent spatial resolution offered by the isolated response of capacitive pixels enables us to realize precise location identification of approaching objects and loaded pressure with fast response, high stability and high reversibility.