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Precise flowering time is critical to reproductive success. In response to diverse exogenous and endogenous cues including age, hormones, photoperiod, and temperature, the floral transition is controlled by a complex regulatory network, which involves extensive crosstalks, feedback, or feedforward loops between the components within flowering time pathways. The newly identified age pathway, which is controlled by microRNA156 (miR156) and its target SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING-LIKE (SPL) transcription factors, ensures plants flower under non-inductive conditions. In this review, I summarize the recent advance in understanding of the age pathway, focusing on the regulatory basis of the developmental decline in miR156 level by age and the molecular mechanism by which the age pathway is integrated into other flowering time pathways.

Cisplatin is a clinically advanced and highly effective anticancer drug used in the treatment of a wide variety of malignancies, such as head and neck, lung, testis, ovary, breast cancer, etc. However, it has only a limited use in clinical practice due to its severe adverse effects, particularly nephrotoxicity; 20%–35% of patients develop acute kidney injury (AKI) after cisplatin administration. The nephrotoxic effect of cisplatin is cumulative and dose dependent and often necessitates dose reduction or withdrawal. Recurrent episodes of AKI result in impaired renal tubular function and acute renal failure, chronic kidney disease, uremia, and hypertensive nephropathy. The pathophysiology of cisplatin-induced AKI involves proximal tubular injury, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular injury in the kidneys. At present, there are no effective drugs or methods for cisplatin-induced kidney injury. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies show that numerous natural products (flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, polysaccharide, phenylpropanoids, etc.) have specific antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties that regulate the pathways associated with cisplatin-induced kidney damage. In this review we describe the molecular mechanisms of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and summarize recent findings in the field of natural products that undermine these mechanisms to protect against cisplatin-induced kidney damage and provide potential strategies for AKI treatment.

We propose a monocular depth estimation method SC-Depth, which requires only unlabelled videos for training and enables the scale-consistent prediction at inference time. Our contributions include: (i) we propose a geometry consistency loss, which penalizes the inconsistency of predicted depths between adjacent views; (ii) we propose a self-discovered mask to automatically localize moving objects that violate the underlying static scene assumption and cause noisy signals during training; (iii) we demonstrate the efficacy of each component with a detailed ablation study and show high-quality depth estimation results in both KITTI and NYUv2 datasets. Moreover, thanks to the capability of scale-consistent prediction, we show that our monocular-trained deep networks are readily integrated into ORB-SLAM2 system for more robust and accurate tracking. The proposed hybrid Pseudo-RGBD SLAM shows compelling results in KITTI, and it generalizes well to the KAIST dataset without additional training. Finally, we provide several demos for qualitative evaluation. The source code is released on GitHub.

The use of simple and easily available feedstock to quickly and efficiently obtain compounds with complex molecular structures through the transition-metal-catalyzed construction of C(sp 3 )-C bonds has important significance. As traditional C(sp 3 )-C coupling reagents, alkylmetallic reagents often have limitations such as air and moisture sensitivity and difficulties in storage. Nickel-catalyzed reductive olefin hydrocarbonation reactions use alkenes to replace organometallic reagents, reduce the synthesis steps, improve the functional group compatibility, and expand the substrate scope This minireview discusses important progress in the hydroalkylation and hydroarylation of electronically unbiased alkenes in recent years and describes the key mechanism and applications.

Structural health monitoring technology can assess the status and integrity of structures in real time by advanced sensors, evaluate the remaining life of structure, and make the maintenance decisions on the structures. Piezoelectric materials, which can yield electrical output in response to mechanical strain/stress, are at the heart of structural health monitoring. Here, we present an overview of the recent progress in piezoelectric materials and sensors for structural health monitoring. The article commences with a brief introduction of the fundamental physical science of piezoelectric effect. Emphases are placed on the piezoelectric materials engineered by various strategies and the applications of piezoelectric sensors for structural health monitoring. Finally, challenges along with opportunities for future research and development of high-performance piezoelectric materials and sensors for structural health monitoring are highlighted.

To increase the reliability and success rate of drug discovery, efforts have been made to increase the C( sp 3 ) fraction and avoid flat molecules. sp 3 -Rich enantiopure amines are most frequently encountered as chiral auxiliaries, synthetic intermediates for pharmaceutical agents and bioactive natural products. Streamlined construction of chiral aliphatic amines has long been regarded as a paramount challenge. Mainstream approaches, including hydrogenation of enamines and imines, C–H amination, and alkylation of imines, were applied for the synthesis of chiral amines with circumscribed skeleton structures; typically, the chiral carbon centre was adjacent to an auxiliary aryl or ester group. Herein, we report a mild and general nickel-catalysed asymmetric reductive hydroalkylation to effectively convert enamides and enecarbamates into drug-like α-branched chiral amines and derivatives. This reaction involves the regio- and stereoselective hydrometallation of an enamide or enecarbamate to generate a catalytic amount of enantioenriched alkylnickel intermediate, followed by C–C bond formation via alkyl electrophiles. Enantiopure aliphatic amines are frequently encountered as chiral auxiliaries and synthetic intermediates for bioactive compounds. Here, the authors report a mild nickel-catalysed asymmetric reductive hydroalkylation to convert enamides and enecarbamates into α-branched chiral amines and derivatives.

Most human cancers develop from stem and progenitor cell populations through the sequential accumulation of various genetic and epigenetic alterations. Cancer stem cells have been identified from medulloblastoma (MB), but a comprehensive understanding of MB stemness, including the interactions between the tumor immune microenvironment and MB stemness, is lacking. Here, we employed a trained stemness index model based on an existent one‐class logistic regression (OCLR) machine‐learning method to score MB samples; we then obtained two stemness indices, a gene expression‐based stemness index (mRNAsi) and a DNA methylation‐based stemness index (mDNAsi), to perform an integrated analysis of MB stemness in a cohort of primary cancer samples (n = 763). We observed an inverse trend between mRNAsi and mDNAsi for MB subgroup and metastatic status. By applying the univariable Cox regression analysis, we found that mRNAsi significantly correlated with overall survival (OS) for all MB patients, whereas mDNAsi had no significant association with OS for all MB patients. In addition, by combining the Lasso‐penalized Cox regression machine‐learning approach with univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, we identified a stemness‐related gene expression signature that accurately predicted survival in patients with Sonic hedgehog (SHH) MB. Furthermore, positive correlations between mRNAsi and prognostic copy number aberrations in SHH MB, including MYCN amplifications and GLI2 amplifications, were detected. Analyses of the immune microenvironment revealed unanticipated correlations of MB stemness with infiltrating immune cells. Lastly, using the Connectivity Map, we identified potential drugs targeting the MB stemness signature. Our findings based on stemness indices might advance the development of objective diagnostic tools for quantitating MB stemness and lead to novel biomarkers that predict the survival of patients with MB or the efficacy of strategies targeting MB stem cells. Here, we employed a trained stemness index model to perform an integrated analysis of medulloblastoma (MB) stemness. By combining the Lasso‐penalized Cox regression with univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, we identified a stemness‐related gene expression signature. Furthermore, positive correlations between gene expression‐based stemness index and prognostic copy number aberrations were detected. Analyses of the immune microenvironment revealed unanticipated correlations of MB stemness with infiltrating immune cells. Lastly, using the Connectivity Map, we identified potential drugs targeting the MB stemness signature.

Molybdenum disulfide, as an electronic highly-adjustable catalysts material, tuning its electronic structure is crucial to enhance its intrinsic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity. Nevertheless, there are yet huge challenges to the understanding and regulation of the surface electronic structure of molybdenum disulfide-based catalysts. Here we address these challenges by tuning its electronic structure of phase modulation synergistic with interfacial chemistry and defects from phosphorus or sulfur implantation, and we then successfully design and synthesize electrocatalysts with the multi-heterojunction interfaces (e.g., 1T 0.81 -MoS 2 @Ni 2 P), demonstrating superior HER activities and good stabilities with a small overpotentials of 38.9 and 95 mV at 10 mA/cm 2 , a low Tafel slopes of 41 and 42 mV/dec in acidic as well as alkaline surroundings, outperforming commercial Pt/C catalyst and other reported Mo-based catalysts. Theoretical calculation verified that the incorporation of metallic-phase and intrinsic HER-active Ni-based materials into molybdenum disulfide could effectively regulate its electronic structure for making the bandgap narrower. Additionally, X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicate that reduced nickel possesses empty orbitals, which is helpful for additional H binding ability. All these factors can decrease Mo-H bond strength, greatly improving the HER catalytic activity of these materials. The understanding and regulation of the surface electronic structure of molybdenum disulfide-based catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) remains a challenges. Here, the authors design and synthesize electrocatalysts with multi-heterojunction interfaces showing enhanced HER activities and stabilities.

The development of stimuli‐responsive circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials is quite attractive but challenging. Here, a pair of atomically precise enantiomers R/S‐Ag20 nanoclusters has been synthesized using chiral acid ligands. And then, stimuli‐responsive CPL materials were developed by assembling the chiral silver nanoclusters with an achiral bridging ligand. The atomically precise silver cluster‐assembled materials produce CPL with a dissymmetry factor (|glum|) of 1 × 10−3, through the high‐efficiency chiral induction process. More interestingly, the single CPL band at room temperature could quickly transform into highly separated dual CPL emissions at low temperature. This study provides a new strategy for the rational functionalization of chiral silver clusters in preparing cluster‐based CPL emitters and enriches the types of stimuli‐responsive CPL materials. The temperature‐triggered dynamic circularly polarized luminescence materials were constructed by the coordination assembly of chiral silver nanoclusters and luminophor linkers.

Super El Niño has been a research focus since the first event occurred. On the basis of observations and models, we propose that a super El Niño emerges if El Niño is an early-onset type coincident with the distribution of an Atlantic Niña (AN) in summer and a positive Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) in autumn, conditions referred to as the Indo-Atlantic Booster (IAB). The underlying physical mechanisms refer to three-ocean interactions with seasonality. Early onset endows super El Niño with adequate strength in summer to excite wind-driven responses over the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, which further facilitate IAB formation by coupling with the seasonal cycle. In return, IAB alternately produces additional zonal winds U over the Pacific Ocean, augmenting super El Niño via the Bjerknes feedback. Adding AN and IOD indices into the regression model of U leads to a better performance than the single Niño-3.4 model, with a rise in the total explained variances by 10%–20% and a reduction in the misestimations of super El Niños by 50%. Extended analyses using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project models further confirm the sufficiency and necessity of early onset and IAB on super El Niño formation. Approximately 70% of super El Niños are early-onset types accompanied by IAB and 60% of early-onset El Niños with IAB finally grow into extreme events. These results highlight the super El Niño as an outcome of pantropical interactions, so including both the Indian and Atlantic Oceans and their teleconnections with the Pacific Ocean will greatly improve super El Niño prediction.