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With the popularity of using deep learning-based models in various categorization problems and their proven robustness compared to conventional methods, a growing number of researchers have exploited such methods in environment sound classification tasks in recent years. However, the performances of existing models use auditory features like log-mel spectrogram (LM) and mel frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC), or raw waveform to train deep neural networks for environment sound classification (ESC) are unsatisfactory. In this paper, we first propose two combined features to give a more comprehensive representation of environment sounds Then, a fourfour-layer convolutional neural network (CNN) is presented to improve the performance of ESC with the proposed aggregated features. Finally, the CNN trained with different features are fused using the Dempster–Shafer evidence theory to compose TSCNN-DS model. The experiment results indicate that our combined features with the four-layer CNN are appropriate for environment sound taxonomic problems and dramatically outperform other conventional methods. The proposed TSCNN-DS model achieves a classification accuracy of 97.2%, which is the highest taxonomic accuracy on UrbanSound8K datasets compared to existing models.

Overall artificial photosynthesis, as a promising approach for sunlight-driven CO 2 recycling, requires photocatalysts with efficient light adsorption and separate active sites for coupling with H 2 O oxidation. Here we show a In-based metal–organic framework (MOF) heterostructure, i.e., In-porphyrin (In-TCPP) nanosheets enveloping an In-NH 2 -MIL-68 (M68N) core, via a facile one-pot synthesis that utilises competitive nucleation and growth of two organic linkers with In nodes. The coherent interfaces of the core@shell MOFs assure the structural stability of heterostructure, which will function as heterojunctions to facilitate the efficient transfer of photogenerated charge for overall photosynthesis. The In-TCPP shell in MOFs heterostructure improves CO 2 adsorption capabilities and visible light absorption to enhance the photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. Simultaneously, In-O sites in M68N core efficiently catalyze H 2 O oxidation, achieving high yields of HCOOH (397.5 μmol g −1 h −1 ) and H 2 O 2 (321.2 μmol g −1 h −1 ) under focused sunlight irradiation. The superior performance of this heterostructure in overall photosynthesis, coupled with its straightforward synthesis, shows great potential for mitigating carbon emissions and producing valuable chemicals using solar energy. Developing efficient catalysts for artificial photosynthesis brings promise but challenges for limited light absorption and sluggish H 2 O oxidation. Here, the authors report an indium-organic framework heterostructure that facilitates the conversion of CO 2 and H 2 O into HCOOH and H 2 O 2 under sunlight.

Significant efforts have been devoted to develop efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts for the conversion of CO 2 to chemical fuels. The photocatalytic efficiency for this transformation largely depends on CO 2 adsorption and diffusion. However, the CO 2 adsorption on the surface of photocatalysts is generally low due to their low specific surface area and the lack of matched pores. Here we report a well-defined porous hypercrosslinked polymer-TiO 2 -graphene composite structure with relatively high surface area i.e., 988 m 2  g −1 and CO 2 uptake capacity i.e., 12.87 wt%. This composite shows high photocatalytic performance especially for CH 4 production, i.e., 27.62 μmol g −1  h −1 , under mild reaction conditions without the use of sacrificial reagents or precious metal co-catalysts. The enhanced CO 2 reactivity can be ascribed to their improved CO 2 adsorption and diffusion, visible-light absorption, and photo-generated charge separation efficiency. This strategy provides new insights into the combination of microporous organic polymers with photocatalysts for solar-to-fuel conversion. Renewable CO 2 conversion to useful products presents a sustainable, carbon-neutral method to limit climate change, yet few materials can perform this complex chemistry. Here, authors prepare a polymer-TiO 2 -graphene composite that can take up CO 2 and convert it to CH 4 using light and water.

Direct photocatalytic CO 2 reduction from primary sources, such as flue gas and air, into fuels, is highly desired, but the thermodynamically favored O 2 reduction almost completely impedes this process. Herein, we report on the efficacy of a composite photocatalyst prepared by hyper-crosslinking porphyrin-based polymers on hollow TiO 2 surface and subsequent coordinating with Pd(II). Such composite exhibits high resistance against O 2 inhibition, leading to 12% conversion yield of CO 2 from air after 2-h UV-visible light irradiation. In contrast, the CO 2 reduction over Pd/TiO 2 without the polymer is severely inhibited by the presence of O 2 ( ≥ 0.2 %). This study presents a feasible strategy, building Pd(II) sites into CO 2 -adsorptive polymers on hollow TiO 2 surface, for realizing CO 2 reduction with H 2 O in an aerobic environment by the high CO 2 /O 2 adsorption selectivity of polymers and efficient charge separation for CO 2 reduction and H 2 O oxidation on Pd(II) sites and hollow TiO 2 , respectively. While selective CO 2 reduction is crucial for its removal from the environment, the presence of O 2 hinders this process. Here authors show CO 2 photoreduction in the presence of O 2 by incorporating Pd(II) sites into a coordination polymer on TiO 2 to selectively adsorb CO 2 .

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are typically synthesized using solvothermal conditions with high temperature and long reaction time (≥120 °C, >72 h). Herein, we report a general and rapid microplasma electrochemistry strategy to synthesize COFs under ambient conditions. A series of flexible imine-bond COFs with high-crystallinity were prepared in minutes via this method, which showed 1000-fold higher space-time yield than solvothermal method. This approach also achieved the preparation of COFs with diverse linkages including rigid imine, hydrazone, β-ketoenamies and azine linkages. Moreover, four types of imine-based COFs were successfully synthesized in aqueous acetic acid, which avoided the use of harmful organic solvents, indicating that microplasma method is green and versatile for COF synthesis. The obtained COFs showed higher surface area and exhibited superior performance in volatile iodine uptake compared to those COFs prepared by solvothermal method. After screening more than ten types of COFs, the iodine adsorption capacity could be promoted from 2.81 to 6.52 g g −1 . The efficiency, versatility, and simplicity of the microplasma method render it as a promising approach for the swift screening of COFs across a wide range of applications. Covalent organic frameworks are typically synthesized using solvothermal conditions with high temperature and long reaction time. Here, the authors report a general and rapid microplasma electrochemistry strategy for the synthesis of covalent organic frameworks with high crystallinity under ambient conditions in minutes, avoiding high temperature and long reaction time.

Wearable and implantable electroceuticals (WIEs) for therapeutic electrostimulation (ES) have become indispensable medical devices in modern healthcare. In addition to functionality, device miniaturization, conformability, biocompatibility, and/or biodegradability are the main engineering targets for the development and clinical translation of WIEs. Recent innovations are mainly focused on wearable/implantable power sources, advanced conformable electrodes, and efficient ES on targeted organs and tissues. Herein, nanogenerators as a hotspot wearable/implantable energy‐harvesting technique suitable for powering WIEs are reviewed. Then, electrodes for comfortable attachment and efficient delivery of electrical signals to targeted tissue/organ are introduced and compared. A few promising application directions of ES are discussed, including heart stimulation, nerve modulation, skin regeneration, muscle activation, and assistance to other therapeutic modalities. An overview of the most recent innovations in wearable and implantable electroceuticals (WIEs) with focus on nanogenerator (NG) power sources, advanced conformable electrodes, and efficient electrostimulation on targeted organs and tissues is presented. The NG‐based technology is foreseeable to transform the concurrent WIEs toward the next generation of precision electrotherapy in the near future.

An exosome (30-150 nm size) is a cell-derived vesicle. Exosome-induced regulation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is becoming increasingly popular due to their potential functions of exosomal pathways. Exosomes, which are involved in the regulation of IBD, can be released from various cell types, or found in many physiological fluids, and plants. The specific functions of exosomes in IBD primarily depend on the internal functional components, including RNAs, proteins, and other substances. However, exosome-induced transport mechanisms involving cell-cell communications or cell-environment interactions are also very important. Recent studies have revealed that exosome crosstalk mechanisms may influence major IBD-related pathways, such as immune responses, barrier functions, and intestinal flora. This review highlights the advancements in the biology of exosome secretions and their regulation in IBD. The functional roles of exosomal components, including nucleic acids, proteins, and some other components, are the main focus of this review. More animal and clinical research is needed to study the functions of exosomes on IBD. Designing new drug dosage form using exosome-like-structure may provide new insights into IBD treatment. This review suggests a potential significance for exosomes in IBD diagnosis and treatment.

Background Lung cancer is a kind of malignancy with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Paclitaxel (PTX) is the main treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and resistance to PTX seriously affects the survival of patients. However, the underlying mechanism and potential reversing strategy need to be further explored. Methods We identified ALDH2 as a PTX resistance-related gene using gene microarray analysis. Subsequently, a series of functional analysis in cell lines, patient samples and xenograft models were performed to explore the functional role, clinical significance and the aberrant regulation mechanism of ALDH2 in PTX resistance of NSCLC. Furthermore, the pharmacological agents targeting ALDH2 and epigenetic enzyme were used to investigate the diverse reversing strategy against PTX resistance. Results Upregulation of ALDH2 expression is highly associated with resistance to PTX using in vitro and in vivo analyses of NSCLC cells along with clinicopathological analyses of NSCLC patients. ALDH2-overexpressing NSCLC cells exhibited significantly reduced PTX sensitivity and increased biological characteristics of malignancy in vitro and tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. EHMT2 (euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2) inhibition and NFYA (nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha) overexpression had a cooperative effect on the regulation of ALDH2. Mechanistically, ALDH2 overexpression activated the RAS/RAF oncogenic pathway. NSCLC/PTX cells re-acquired sensitivity to PTX in vivo and in vitro when ALDH2 was inhibited by pharmacological agents, including the ALDH2 inhibitors Daidzin (DZN)/Disulfiram (DSF) and JIB04, which reverses the effect of EHMT2. Conclusion Our findings suggest that ALDH2 status can help predict patient response to PTX therapy and ALDH2 inhibition may be a promising strategy to overcome PTX resistance in the clinic.

Hypertensive nephropathy continues to be a major cause of end-stage renal disease and poses a significant global health burden. Despite the staggering development of research in hypertensive nephropathy, scientists and clinicians can only seek out useful information through articles and reviews, it remains a hurdle for them to quickly track the trend in this field. This study uses the bibliometric method to identify the evolutionary development and recent hotspots of hypertensive nephropathy. The Web of Science Core Collection database was used to extract publications on hypertensive nephropathy from January 2000 to November 2023. CiteSpace was used to capture the patterns and trends from multi-perspectives, including countries/regions, institutions, keywords, and references. In total, 557 publications on hypertensive nephropathy were eligible for inclusion. China ( = 208, 37.34%) was the most influential contributor among all the countries. Veterans Health Administration ( = 19, 3.41%) was found to be the most productive institution. Keyword bursting till now are renal fibrosis, outcomes, and mechanisms which are predicted to be the potential frontiers and hotspots in the future. The top seven references were listed, and their burst strength was shown. A comprehensive overview of the current status and research frontiers of hypertensive nephropathy has been provided through the bibliometric perspective. Recent advancements and challenges in hypertensive nephropathy have been discussed. These findings can offer informative instructions for researchers and scholars.

Shrinking the size of the electronic synapse to molecular length-scale, for example, an artificial synapse directly fabricated by using individual or monolayer molecules, is important for maximizing the integration density, reducing the energy consumption, and enabling functionalities not easily achieved by other synaptic materials. Here, we show that the conductance of the self-assembled peptide molecule monolayer could be dynamically modulated by placing electrical biases, enabling us to implement basic synaptic functions. Both short-term plasticity (e.g., paired-pulse facilitation) and long-term plasticity (e.g., spike-timing-dependent plasticity) are demonstrated in a single molecular synapse. The dynamic current response is due to a combination of both chemical gating and coordination effects between Ag + and hosting groups within peptides which adjusts the electron hopping rate through the molecular junction. In the end, based on the nonlinearity and short-term synaptic characteristics, the molecular synapses are utilized as reservoirs for waveform recognition with 100% accuracy at a small mask length. Designing scaled electronic devices for neuromorphic applications remains a challenge. Here, Zhang et al. develop an artificial molecular synapse based on self-assembled peptide molecule monolayer whose conductance can be dynamically modulated and used for waveform recognition.