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"Wang, Lu Jie"
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الحزام والطريق : ماذا ستقدم الصين للعالم ؟
حاول هذا الكتاب الذي بين أيديكم أن يقدم إجابات معيارية قياسية لكافة الأسئلة الجذرية المتعلقة بمبادرة \"الحزام والطريق\" والتي تقدم الصين من خلالها حلا لاستغلال قدراتها التي لا تتوقف عن التنامي لتتبوأ مقعدها كمحرك للنمو الاقتصادي العالمي في المستقبل و المتشوقين للتعرف على الملامح الحقيقية للتنين الصيني وتجربته مع سياسة الإصلاح والانفتاح طوال أكثر من ثلاثين عاما ومبادرته الجديدة ذات السمات الفوق عولمية نقدم الحزام والطريق ماذا ستقدم الصين للعالم.
Book
Cooperative autoinhibition and multi-level activation mechanisms of calcineurin
The Ca2＋/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin （CN）, a heterodimer composed of a catalytic subunit A and an essential regulatory subunit B, plays critical functions in various cellular processes such as cardiac hypertrophy and T cell activation. It is the target of the most widely used immunosuppressants for transplantation, tacrolimus （FKS06） and cyclosporin A. However, the structure of a large part of the CNA regulatory region remains to be determined, and there has been considerable debate concerning the regulation of CN activity. Here, we report the crystal structure of full-length CN （β isoform）, which revealed a novel autoinhibitory segment （AIS） in addition to the well-known autoinhibitory domain （AID）. The AIS nestles in a hydrophobic intersubunit groove, which over- laps the recognition site for substrates and immunosuppressant-immunophilin complexes. Indeed, disruption of this AIS interaction results in partial stimulation of CN activity. More importantly, our biochemical studies demonstrate that calmodulin does not remove AID from the active site, but only regulates the orientation of AID with respect to the catalytic core, causing incomplete activation of CN. Our findings challenge the current model for CN activation, and provide a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of CN activity regulation.
Journal Article
الصين تربط العالم : الخلفية التي تستند إليها مبادرة الحزام والطريق = China connects the world : what behind the belt and road initiative /
يتناول كتاب (الصين تربط العالم : الخلفية التي تستند إليها مبادرة الحزام والطريق) والذي قام بتأليفه (وانغ ييوي) في حوالي (350) صفحة من القطع المتوسط موضوع (العلاقات الاقتصادية الخارجية للصين) مستعرضا أبرز المحتويات التالية : الفصل الأول : العالم المترابط، الفصل الثاني : مبادرة الحزام والطريق : منطق العولمة، الفصل الثالث : مبادرة الحزام والطريق : منطق الحضارة، الفصل الرابع : مبادرة الحزام والطريق : المنطق الاستراتيجي.
Book
The natural product 4,10-aromadendranediol induces neuritogenesis in neuronal cells in vitro through activation of the ERK pathway
Recent studies focus on promoting neurite outgrowth to remodel the central nervous network after brain injury. Currently, however, there are few drugs treating brain diseases in the clinic by enhancing neurite outgrowth. In this study, we established an NGF- induced PC12 differentiation model to screen novel compounds that have the potential to induce neuronal differentiation, and further characterized 4,10-Aromadendranediol （ARDD） isolated from the dried twigs of the Baccharis gaudichaudiana plant, which exhibited the capability of promoting neurite outgrowth in neuronal cells in vitro. ARDD （1, 10 pmol/L） significantly enhanced neurite outgrowth in NGF-treated PC12 cells and NIE115 cells in a time-dependent manner. In cultured primary cortical neurons, ARDD （5, 10 pmol/L） not only significantly increased neurite outgrowth but also increased the number of neurites on the soma and the number of bifurcations. Further analyses showed that ARDD （10 pmol/L） significantly increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and the downstream GSK-313, subsequently induced 13-catenin expression and up-regulated the gene expression of the Wnt ligands Fzdl and Wnt3a in neuronal cells. The neurite outgrowth-promoting effect of ARDD in neuronal cells was abolished by pretreatment with the specific ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059, but was partially reversed by XAV939, an inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. ARDD also increased the expression of BDNF, CREB and GAP-43 in NIE115 cells, which was reversed by pretreatment with PD98059. In NIE115 cells subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation （OGD）, pretreatment with ARDD （1-10 pmol/L） significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and induced neurite outgrowth. These results demonstrated that the natural product ARDD exhibits neurite outgrowth-inducing activity in neurons via activation of the ERK signaling pathway, which may be beneficial to the treatment of brain diseases.
Journal Article
Effects of Particle Size on Densification Behavior of Si3N4 Ceramics
Silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramics with Y2O3-Al2O3 as sintering additives were prepared by pressureless sintering technology using two kinds of Si3N4 powders as raw materials. The particle size of Si3N4 powders ball-milled with various times were characterized and the effects of particle size on the densification behavior of Si3N4 ceramics were investigated. The relative density and microstructure of the sintered bodies at different sintering temperatures were determined. The experimental results show that the powders with longer milling time have finer particle size and the samples with fine particle display higher shrinkage-rate at lower sintering temperature than the one with coarse particle. By extending milling time, the density gap between the sintered ceramics using different Si3N4 powder become narrower. The main factor resulting in the difference of sintering densification behavior is the particle size of Si3N4 powders rather than metallic oxide impurity of raw powders.
Journal Article
Plant genetic engineering and genetically modified crop breeding: history and current status
This review charts the major developments in the genetic manipulation of plant cells that have taken place since the first gene transfer experiments using Ti plasmids in 1983. Tremendous progress has been made in both our scientific understanding and technological capabilities since the first genetically modified (GM) crops were developed with single gene resistances to herbicides, insects, viruses, and the silencing of unde-sirable genes. Despite opposition in some parts of the world, the area planted with first generation GM crops has grown from 1.7 Mhm2 in 1996 to 179.7 Mhm2 hectares in 2015. The toolkit available for genetic modification has expanded greatly since 1996 and recently Nobel Laureates have called on Greenpeace to end their blanket opposition, and plant scientists have urged that consideration be given to the benefits of GM crops based on actual evidence. It is now possible to use GM to breed new crop cultivars resistant to a much wider range of pests and diseases, and to produce crops better able to adapt to climate change. The advent of new CRISPR-based technologies makes it possible to contemplate a much wider range of improvements based on transfer of new metabolic pathways and traits to improve nutritional quality, with a much greater degree of precision. Use of GM, sometimes in conjunction with other approaches, offers great opportunities for improving food quality, safety, and security in a changing world.
Journal Article
Antibacterial cotton fabric prepared by a “grafting to” strategy using a QAC copolymer
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have outstanding antimicrobial effect, but covalent immobilization of plentiful QAC onto cotton fiber surface to realize a durable function remains a challenge. Herein, a quaternary ammonium monomer, [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (DMC) was co-polymerized with methyl acrylate (MA) to prepare an antibacterial copolymer, poly(DMC-co-MA). To graft the copolymer with an improved grafting efficiency, cotton fabric was treated using carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) to establish an amino-functionalized fiber surface first. This treatment allows the amidation reactions between the amino groups and the pendant ester groups in the poly(DMC-co-MA) to take place, achieving a durable anionic polymer coating onto the fiber surfaces with remarkably antibacterial effect. Characterization results indicated that when DMC/MA monomer ratio was 100:1, the resulting copolymer endows the modified cotton fabric with antibacterial capability that inactivates all Escherichia coli (
E. coli
) and Staphylococcus aureus (
S. aureus
). Even after 50 laundering cycles, more than 98.0% of the antibacterial rate could still be retained. Moreover, the wearing comfort properties such as softness, water absorption and air permeability of the finishing cotton fabrics have been insignificantly changed by comparing to the untreated cotton fabric.
Journal Article
Olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cells possess immunoregulatory function and suppress autoimmune arthritis
Recent studies have identified olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cells （OE-MSCs） as a new type of resident stem cell in the olfactory lamina propria. However, it remains unclear whether OE-MSCs possess any immunoregulatory functions. In this study, we found that mouse OE-MSCs expressed higher transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-10 levels than bone marrow-derived MSCs. In culture, OE-MSCs exerted their immunosuppressive capacity via directly suppressing effector T-cell proliferation and increasing regulatory T （Treg） cell expansion. In mice with collagen-induced arthritis, adoptive transfer of OE-MSCs markedly suppressed arthritis onset and disease severity, which was accompanied by increased Treg cells and reduced Th1/Th17 cell responses in vivo. Taken together, our findings identified a novel function of OE-MSCs in regulating T-cell responses, indicating that OE-MSCs may represent a new cell therapy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases.
Journal Article
Potential use of serum HBV RNA in antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B in the era of nucleos（t）ide analogs
Although the efficacy of nucleos（t）ide analogue （NA） has been confirmed for treatment of chronic hepatitis B, long-term therapy has been recommended due to the high frequency of off-therapy viral DNA rebound and disease relapse. In this review, the RNA virion-like particles of hepatitis B virus （HBV） are integrated into the Hfe cycle of HBV replication, and the potential significance of serum HBV RNA is systematically described. The production of HBV RNA virion-like particles should not be blocked by NA; in this regard, serum HBV RNA is found to be a suitable surrogate marker for the activity of intrahepatic covalently closed circular DNA （cccDNA）, particularly among patients receiving NA therapy. Therefore, the concept of virological response is redefined as persistent loss of serum HBV DNA and HBV RNA. In contrast to hepatitis B surface antigen （HBsAg） that can originate from either the cccDNA or the integrated HBV DNA fragment, serum HBV RNA, with pregenomic RNA origination, can only be transcribed from cccDNA. Therefore, the loss of serum HBV RNA would likely be a promising predicator for safe drug discontinuation. The clinical status of consistent loss of serum HBV RNA accompanied with low serum HBsAg levels might be implicated as a ＂para-functional cure,＂ a status nearly close to the functional cure of chronic hepatitis B, to distinguish the ＂functional cure＂ characterized as serum HBsAg loss with or without anti-HBs seroconversion.
Journal Article