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The persuasive capability of large language models (LLMs) in generating mis/disinformation is widely recognized, but the linguistic ambiguity of such content and inconsistent findings on LLM-based detection reveal unresolved risks in information governance. To address the lack of Chinese datasets, this study compiles two datasets of Chinese AI mis/disinformation generated by multi-lingual models involving deepfakes and cheapfakes. Through psycholinguistic and computational linguistic analyses, the quality modulation effects of eight language features (including sentiment, cognition, and personal concerns), along with toxicity scores and syntactic dependency distance differences, were discovered. Furthermore, key factors influencing zero-shot LLMs in comprehending and detecting AI mis/disinformation are examined. The results show that although implicit linguistic distinctions exist, the intrinsic detection capability of LLMs remains limited. Meanwhile, the quality modulation effects of AI mis/disinformation linguistic features may lead to the failure of AI mis/disinformation detectors. These findings highlight the major challenges of applying LLMs in information governance. LLMs struggle to reliably identify mis/disinformation content, raising concerns about information governance. This study presents two Chinese datasets of AI-generated mis/disinformation and uncovers key linguistic features affecting their quality and detection.

The interaction of a planar shock wave with a polygonal $\\def \\xmlpi #1{}\\def \\mathsfbi #1{\\boldsymbol {\\mathsf {#1}}}\\let \\le =\\leqslant \\let \\leq =\\leqslant \\let \\ge =\\geqslant \\let \\geq =\\geqslant \\def \\Pr {\\mathit {Pr}}\\def \\Fr {\\mathit {Fr}}\\def \\Rey {\\mathit {Re}}{\\mathrm{N}}_2$ volume surrounded by ${\\mathrm{SF}}_6$ is investigated experimentally and numerically. Three polygonal interfaces (square, triangle and diamond) are formed by the soap film technique developed in our previous work, in which thin pins are introduced as angular vertexes to connect adjacent sides of polygonal soap films. The evolutions of the shock-accelerated polygonal interfaces are then visualized by a high-speed schlieren system. Wave systems and interface structures can be clearly identified in experimental schlieren images, and agree well with the numerical ones. Quantitatively, the movement of the distorted interface, and the length and height of the interface structures are further compared and good agreements are achieved between experimental and numerical results. It is found that the evolution of these polygonal interfaces is closely related to their initial shapes. In the square interface, two vortices are generated shortly after the shock impact around the left corner and dominate the flow field at late stages. In the triangular and diamond cases, the most remarkable feature is the small ‘ ${\\mathrm{SF}}_6$ jet’ which grows constantly with time and penetrates the downstream boundary of the interface, forming two independent vortices. These distinct morphologies of the three polygonal interfaces also lead to the different behaviours of the interface features including the length and height. It is also found that the velocities of the vortex pair predicted from the theory of Rudinger and Somers (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 7, 1960, pp. 161–176) agree with the experimental ones, especially for the square case. Typical free precursor irregular refraction phenomena and the transitions among them are observed and analysed, which gives direct experimental evidence for wave patterns and their transitions at a slow/fast interface. The velocities of triple points and shocks are experimentally measured. It is found that the transmitted shock near the interface boundary has weakened into an evanescent wave.

Online learner behaviour patterns are comprehensive indicators reflecting the learning status and learning outcomes of online learners, which have a guiding role in the design, implementation and improvement of online education in the post-epidemic era, but the methods for their identification still need to be improved. To improve the accuracy of online learner identification, a model of online learner behaviour identification based on improved long and short-term memory networks with deep learning is established. Firstly, the online learner behaviour characteristics are extracted according to the behavioural science theory, secondly, the online learner type is identified based on the \"hybrid expert system-long and short-term memory network\" model, and then compared with other identification models, and finally, the results are outputted by the progressive gradient regression tree GBRT in the stacking integration framework and validated using The results were validated using a ten-fold crossover. The results show that the method is effective in portraying online learners, and its accuracy and robustness are improved compared to other algorithms.

Background The HEART Pathway is used for the rapid assessment of acute chest pain patients and identification of high-risk patients. However, there is no consensus regarding the safety and accuracy of HEART Pathway in stratifying risk in chest pain patients. The present work focused on systematically assessing the effectiveness and safety of the HEART Pathway in stratifying risk of acute chest pain patients. Methods Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and CNKI were thoroughly searched up to May 30, 2024, for relevant studies on HEART Pathway for stratifying risk among acute chest pain patients. Two independent researchers screened the literatures, extracted the data, and performed a meta-analysis using Stata/MP 16.0. Results There were altogether 10 articles being enrolled. HEART Pathway demonstrated combined sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio, positive and negative diagnostic likelihood ratios of 0.97 [95% CI (0.95, 0.98)], 0.47 [95% CI (0.40, 0.55)], 27.34 [95% CI (18.22, 41.04)], 1.83 [95% CI (1.60, 2.09)], and 0.07 [95% CI (0.04, 0.10)], separately. In addition, the area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.91 [95% CI (0.88, 0.93)]. Conclusion The HEART Pathway efficiently triages patients who have a low chest pain risk while ensuring the high safety level, emphasizing its significant clinical applicability.

With the widespread adoption of online social platforms, multimodal rumours integrating text, images, and audio have become increasingly prevalent, posing severe threats to public opinion and social stability due to their complex propagation dynamics and resistance to debunking. Existing rumour propagation models rarely examine the synergistic interaction between individual and official debunking, nor do they account for the differentiated effects of official reports across user states. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a novel SIOUR rumour propagation model that integrates dual debunking mechanisms, differentiated state transitions, three time-delay factors, and multimodal propagation characteristics. Theoretical analysis derives the basic reproduction number and establishes the local and global stability of the rumour-free equilibrium for both delayed and non-delayed systems. Numerical simulations investigate the influence of key parameters, time delays, multimodal features, and network topologies. By combining mean-field analysis with agent-based modelling, we evaluate the model under heterogeneous network structures and identify the limitations of homogeneous approximations. Finally, comparative experiments on four public rumour events show that the proposed model significantly outperforms existing approaches across multiple evaluation metrics.

The sports characteristics of E-bikes increase the conflict between traffic participants. In this paper, the criteria of E-bike traffic conflict are given according to time distance. Based on the rough set theory, the redundant rule reduction method is developed, and the following conclusions are drawn: 1. Signal lights and video monitoring points have little effect on alleviating the traffic conflict between e-vehicles and motor vehicles; 2. Setting isolation facilities, non-motor vehicle lanes and traffic police can effectively reduce the traffic conflict. The results show that this method can effectively analyse the main influencing factors of traffic conflict.

Insulin signaling is essential for β-cell survival and proliferation in vivo. Insulin also has potent mitogenic and anti-apoptotic actions on cultured β-cells, with maximum effect in the high picomolar range and diminishing effect at high nanomolar doses. In order to understand whether these effects of insulin are constitutive or can be subjected to physiological modulation, it is essential to estimate the extracellular concentration of monomeric insulin within an intact islet. Unfortunately, the in vivo concentration of insulin monomers within the islet cannot be measured directly with current technology. Here, we present the first mathematical model designed to estimate the levels of monomeric insulin within the islet extracellular space. Insulin is released as insoluble crystals that exhibit a delayed dissociation into hexamers, dimers, and eventually monomers, which only then can act as signaling ligands. The rates at which different forms of insulin dissolve in vivo have been estimated from studies of peripheral insulin injection sites. We used this and other information to formulate a mathematical model to estimate the local insulin concentration within a single islet as a function of glucose. Model parameters were estimated from existing literature. Components of the model were validated using experimental data, if available. Model analysis predicted that the majority of monomeric insulin in the islet is that which has been returned from the periphery, and the concentration of intra-islet monomeric insulin varies from ~50-300 pM when glucose is in the physiological range. Thus, our results suggest that the local concentration of monomeric insulin within the islet is in the picomolar 'sweet spot' range of insulin doses that activate the insulin receptor and have the most potent effects on β-cells in vitro. Together with experimental data, these estimations support the concept that autocrine/paracrine insulin signalling within the islet is dynamic, rather than constitutive and saturated.

The emergency department assessment of chest pain score-accelerated diagnostic protocol (EDACS-ADP) are commonly used for risk stratification in undifferentiated patients with acute chest pain. This systematic review aimed to investigate EDACS-ADP for risk stratification of emergency department (ED) patients with chest pain. The PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang databases were searched for related studies without restrictions on the publication year. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool was used to assess the risk of bias, and Stata 16.0 was used to determine the combined sensitivity, specificity, positive diagnostic likelihood ratio (DLR), and negative DLR. Twelve studies comprising 14 290 patients were identified. Of these, 7537 (52.74%) patients were considered low risk, and 67 (0.89%) had major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death within 30 days of the patients' ED presentation. EDACS-ADP showed a combined sensitivity of 0.97 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95-0.99); specificity, 0.58 (0.53-0.63); positive DLR, 2.34 (2.08-2.63); negative DLR, 0.04 (0.02-0.09); diagnostic odds ratio, 53.11 (26.45-106.63); and summary receiver operating characteristic area under the curve, 0.83 (0.79-0.86). Despite the large statistical heterogeneity of the results, EDACS-ADP identified a considerable number of low-risk patients for early discharge, with a specificity >50% and an incidence of MACE within 30-days of patients' ED presentation <1%. Thus, it is a useful tool with a potential for clinical application.

Purpose Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and lead (Pb), two prevalent contaminants in e-waste dismantling areas, pose significant threats to soil ecosystem health. However, the ecotoxicological effects of their co-exposure on soil invertebrates remain poorly characterized. Methods Avoidance behavior, survival rate, and growth-inhibition assays were performed to assess the combined toxic effects of DBDPE and Pb on earthworm ( Eisenia fetida ) in an artificial soil system over exposure periods of 7–21 d. Responses from multiple biochemical biomarkers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and acid phosphatase (ACP) were also measured, and the data were integrated by the biomarker response index (BRI). Interaction between Pb and DBDPE on BRI was further analyzed by calculation of effect addition index (EAI). Results Avoidance behavior emerged as the most sensitive endpoint and exhibited concentration-dependent escalation under co-exposure conditions. While individual exposure to DBDPE (0–0.75 mg/kg) induced negligible impacts on growth and mortality, its combination with Pb (1000 mg/kg) resulted in significant synergistic effects. Similarly, biochemical biomarkers—including SOD, CAT, MDA, GST, and ACP—showed markedly greater alterations in co-exposure groups compared to single DBDPE treatments. The BRI revealed only slight alterations in biological health across most treatments. The EAI values indicated that antagonistic effects dominated the interaction between DBDPE and Pb. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated significant variation in biomarker sensitivity to pollutant exposure. Notably, short-term sub-lethal co-exposures may elicit synergistic effects on avoidance, growth, and mortality, revealing a time-concentration toxicity dependency. These results provide novel insights into the interaction between heavy metals and organo-pollutants and highlight the ecological hazards posed by emerging brominated flame retardants (e.g., DBDPE) in heavy metal-contaminated soil systems.

The interaction of a planar shock wave ( $M\\approx 1.2$ ) with an $\\text{SF}_{6}$ polygonal inhomogeneity surrounded by air is experimentally investigated. Six polygons including a square, two types of rectangle, two types of triangle, and a diamond are generated by the soap film technique developed in our previous work, in which thin pins are used as angular vertexes to avoid the pressure singularities caused by the surface tension. The evolutions of the shock-accelerated $\\text{SF}_{6}$ polygons are captured by a high-speed schlieren system from which wave systems and the interface characteristics can be clearly identified. Both regular and irregular refraction phenomena are observed outside the volume, and more complex wave patterns, including transmitted shock, refracted shock, Mach stem and the interactions between them, are found inside the volume. Two typical irregular refraction phenomena (free precursor refraction, FPR, and free precursor von Neumann refraction, FNR) are observed and analysed, and the transition from FPR to FNR is found, providing the experimental evidence for the transition between different wave patterns numerically found in the literature. Combined with our previous work (Zhai et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 757, 2014, pp. 800–816), the reciprocal transitions between FPR and FNR are experimentally confirmed. The velocities and trajectories of the triple points are further measured and it is found that the motions of the triple points are self-similar or pseudo-stationary. Besides the shock dynamics phenomena, the evolutions of these shocked heavy polygonal volumes, which are quite different from the light ones, are captured and found to be closely related to their initial shapes. Specifically, for square and rectangular geometries, the different width–height ratios result in different behaviours of shock–shock interaction inside the volume, and subsequently different features for the outward jet and the interface. Quantitatively, the time-variations of the interface scales, such as the width and the normalized displacements of the edges, are obtained and compared with those from previous work. The comparison illustrates the superiority of the interface formation method and the significant effect of the initial interface shape on the interface features. Furthermore, the characteristics of the vortex core, including the velocity and vortex spacing, are experimentally measured, and the vortex velocity is compared with those from some circulation models to check the validity of the models. The results in the present work enrich understanding of the shock refraction phenomenon and the database of research into Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI).