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"Wang, R"
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How China became capitalist
\"How China Became Capitalist details the extraordinary, and often accidental, journey that China has taken over the past thirty years in transforming itself from a closed agrarian socialist economy to an indomitable force in the international arena. The authors revitalize the debate around the development of the Chinese system through the use of primary sources. They persuasively argue that the reforms implemented by the Chinese leaders did not represent a concerted attempt to create a capitalist economy, but that the ideas from the West eventually culminated in a fundamental change to their socialist model, forming an accidental path to capitalism. Coase and Wang argue that the pragmatic approach of \"seeking truth from fact\" is in fact much more in line with Chinese culture. How China Became Capitalist challenges the received wisdom about the future of the Chinese economy, arguing that while China has enormous potential for growth, this could be hampered by the leaders' propensity for control, both in terms of economics and their monopoly of ideas and power\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Hierarchically buckled sheath-core fibers for superelastic electronics, sensors, and muscles
Superelastic conducting fibers with improved properties and functionalities are needed for diverse applications. Here we report the fabrication of highly stretchable (up to 1320%) sheath-core conducting fibers created by wrapping carbon nanotube sheets oriented in the fiber direction on stretched rubber fiber cores. The resulting structure exhibited distinct short- and long-period sheath buckling that occurred reversibly out of phase in the axial and belt directions, enabling a resistance change of less than 5% for a 1000% stretch. By including other rubber and carbon nanotube sheath layers, we demonstrated strain sensors generating an 860% capacitance change and electrically powered torsional muscles operating reversibly by a coupled tension-to-torsion actuation mechanism. Using theory, we quantitatively explain the complementary effects of an increase in muscle length and a large positive Poisson's ratio on torsional actuation and electronic properties.
Journal Article
A theory of unusual anisotropic magnetoresistance in bilayer heterostructures
The observation of magnetoresistance (MR) varying with the rotation of magnetization in the plane perpendicular to the electric current is an important discovery in spintronics in recent years. The famous conventional anisotropic MR (AMR) says that the resistance of a polycrystalline magnetic material must depend on magnetization component along the current direction only, thus cannot account for this newly observed unusual AMR (UAMR). This UAMR leads to the notion of the spin-Hall MR (SMR) in the famous SMR theory. However, the SMR theory may only explain UAMR observed in heavy-metal/magnetic-insulator bilayers, not other types of bilayers. Here, we present a two-vector theory that can explain not only all existing experiments on the unusual angular dependence of longitudinal and transverse resistivity when the magnetization rotates in three mutually perpendicular planes, but also how three amplitudes of MR angular oscillation are related to each other. The theory is very general and its correctness depends only on the assumption that the magnetization and interfacial field are the only vectors affecting electron transport besides of other scalar variables such as the temperatures and impurities. Experiments that can test this theory against the SMR theory are also proposed.
Journal Article
China and the West : McMaster and Pillsbury vs. Mahbubani and Wang
\"Increasingly in the West, China is being characterized as a threat to the liberal international order, one that must be overcome through economic, political, technological, and even military means. For those who believe that the policies of the Chinese Communist Party pose a threat to free and open societies, the U.S. and like-minded nations must band together to preserve a rules-based international order. For others, this approach spells disaster; it ignores the history and dynamics propelling China's rise to superpower status. Rather than threatening the post-war order, China is its best, and maybe only, guarantor in an era of declining U.S. leadership, increased regional instability, and slowing global growth. The twenty-fourth semi-annual Munk Debate, held on May 9, 2019, pits former Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs H.R. McMaster and Director for Chinese Strategy at the D.C.-based Hudson Institute think tank Michael Pillsbury against former President of the United Nations Security Council Kishore Mahbubani and president of one of China's top independent think tanks, the Center for China Globalization, Huiyao Wang to debate the threat of China to the liberal international order.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
A theory on skyrmion size
A magnetic skyrmion is a topological object consisting of a skyrmion core, an outer domain, and a wall that separates the skyrmion core from the outer domain. The skyrmion size and wall width are two fundamental quantities of a skyrmion that depend sensitively on material parameters such as exchange energy, magnetic anisotropy, Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction, and magnetic field. However, quantitative understanding of the two quantities is still very poor. Here we present a general theory on skyrmion size and wall width. The two formulas we obtained agree almost perfectly with simulations and experiments for a wide range of parameters, including most of the existing materials that support skyrmions.
Skyrmions are magnetic topological features which are expected to play an important role in future data storage and information processing devices. The authors outline a theoretical method to calculate the size and wall width of an isolated skyrmion.
Journal Article
MicroRNA-193a represses c-kit expression and functions as a methylation-silenced tumor suppressor in acute myeloid leukemia
Aberrant activation of
c-kit
proto-oncogene contributes to abnormal cell proliferation by altering the tyrosine kinase signaling and constitutes a crucial impetus for leukemogenesis. Epigenetic silencing of tumor-suppressive microRNAs (miRNAs) is a key oncogenic mechanism for the activation of oncogenes in tumors. In this study, several miRNAs potentially binding to the 3′-untranslated region of human
c-kit
mRNA were screened by luciferase reporter assays. Among these miRNAs,
miR-193a
was embedded in a CpG island and epigenetically repressed by promoter hypermethylation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and primary AML blasts, but not in normal bone marrow cells. Importantly,
miR-193a
levels were inversely correlated with
c-kit
levels measured in 9 leukemia cell lines and 27 primary AML samples. Restoring
miR-193a
expression in AML cells harboring
c-kit
mutation and/or overexpression, either by synthetic
miR-193a
transfection or by DNA hypomethylating agent 5-azacytidine (5-aza) treatment, resulted in a significant reduction in
c-kit
expression at both RNA and protein levels and inhibition of cell growth. The growth-inhibitory activity of
miR-193a
was associated with apoptosis and granulocytic differentiation. Moreover, 5-aza-induced
c-kit
reduction could be partially blocked by
miR-193a
inhibitor, leading to a reversal of antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of 5-aza. These data reveal a critical role for methylation-repressed
miR-193a
in myeloid leukemogenesis and the therapeutic promise of upregulating
miR-193a
expression for
c-kit
-positive AML.
Journal Article
First Observational Perspectives of “Millipede Clouds” Over the Eastern Pacific Ocean
The fundamental features of one kind of rarely known stratocumulus, which was termed as “Millipede Cloud,” occurred over the Eastern Pacific Ocean in 2017 were first documented by using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite imagery. These clouds had long and meandering “central axes” extending from several hundreds to thousands kilometers, and a number of “radical cloud arms” extending several tens of kilometers in its two sides. Total 59 “Millipede Clouds,” 4 and 55 of them, were formed over the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres, respectively. Their environmental backgrounds were analyzed by using ERA5 reanalysis data and MODIS sensor Level‐2 data. The cloud top pressures of these “Millipede Clouds” were between 850 and 800 hPa, and their top heights were about 1–2 km. There existed “inversion layer” of air temperature near the cloud tops at 800 hPa, which strongly suggested that these clouds were lower stratocumulus in essence. Plain Language Summary “Millipede Cloud,” one kind of rarely known stratocumulus which looks like “Millipede” shape, is termed for the first time in this paper. It has an obvious “central axis” and a number of well‐organized “radial cloud arms” in two sides of the “central axis” extending in several tens of kilometers length. This paper introduces the fundamental features of “Millipede Clouds” occurred over the Eastern Pacific Ocean in 2017 from the perspective of satellite image. Totally, 59 “Millipede Clouds” were found to occur over the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Their geographic distribution, cloud top features and vertical structure of one typical case on 16 July 2017 were documented. Key Points The fundamental features of “Millipede Clouds” over the Eastern Pacific Ocean in 2017 were documented by using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite imagery The environmental backgrounds of these “Millipede Clouds” were analyzed by using ERA5 reanalysis data and MODIS data The cloud top pressures of these “Millipede Clouds” are between 850 and 800 hPa, and their top heights are about 1–2 km
Journal Article
On improving a Schur-type theorem in shifted primes
We show that if
N
≥
exp
(
exp
(
exp
(
k
O
(
1
)
)
)
)
, then any
k
-colouring of the primes that are less than
N
contains a monochromatic solution to
p
1
-
p
2
=
p
3
-
1
.
Journal Article
Jahn-Teller distortion driven magnetic polarons in magnetite
The first known magnetic mineral, magnetite, has unusual properties, which have fascinated mankind for centuries; it undergoes the Verwey transition around 120 K with an abrupt change in structure and electrical conductivity. The mechanism of the Verwey transition, however, remains contentious. Here we use resonant inelastic X-ray scattering over a wide temperature range across the Verwey transition to identify and separate out the magnetic excitations derived from nominal Fe
2+
and Fe
3+
states. Comparison of the experimental results with crystal-field multiplet calculations shows that the spin–orbital
dd
excitons of the Fe
2+
sites arise from a tetragonal Jahn-Teller active polaronic distortion of the Fe
2+
O
6
octahedra. These low-energy excitations, which get weakened for temperatures above 350 K but persist at least up to 550 K, are distinct from optical excitations and are best explained as magnetic polarons.
The Verwey transition of magnetite is complex due to the coexistence of strong correlations and electron-phonon coupling. Here, the authors use resonant inelastic X-ray scattering to show evidence for magnetic polarons in magnetite and provide insight into the nature of the transition.
Journal Article