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"Wang, Xi"
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Reading development and difficulties in monolingual and bilingual Chinese children
This volume explores Chinese reading development, focusing on children in Chinese societies and bilingual Chinese-speaking children in Western societies. The book is structured around four themes: psycholinguistic study of reading, reading disability, bilingual and biliteracy development, and Chinese children's literature. It discusses issues that are pertinent to improving language and literacy development, and complex cognitive, linguistic, and socio-cultural factors that underlie language and literacy development. In addition, the book identifies instructional practices that can enhance literacy development and academic achievement. This volume offers an integrative framework of Chinese reading, and deepens our understanding of the intricate processes that underlie Chinese children's literacy development. It promotes research in reading Chinese and celebrates the distinguished and longstanding career of Richard C. Anderson.
Book
Enantioselective cyanation via radical-mediated C–C single bond cleavage for synthesis of chiral dinitriles
Ring-opening reaction via selective cleavage of C–C bond is known as a powerful strategy for construction of complex molecules. Complementary to the ionic process focusing on mostly small ring systems, radical-mediated C–C bond cleavage offers a solution for further diverse enantioselective functionalization benefited from its mild conditions, whereas such asymmetric transformations are still limited to three-membered rings so far. Herein, we describe radical-mediated ring-opening and enantioselective cyanation of four- and five-membered cycloketone oxime esters to access chiral 1,5- and 1,6-dinitriles. Employment of dual photoredox/copper catalysis is essential for the asymmetric ring-opening cyanation of cyclopentanone oxime esters. Both reactions proceed under mild conditions giving chiral dinitriles in high yields and enantioselectivity with low catalyst loading and broad substrate scope. The products dinitriles can be converted to valuable optically active diamides and diamines. Mechanistic studies indicate that the benzylic radical generated via C–C single bond cleavage is involved in the catalytic cycle.
Ring-opening reaction via selective cleavage of C–C bond is a powerful strategy to increase molecular complexity. Here the authors present the facile synthesis of chiral 1,5- and 1,6-dinitriles via the radical-mediated ring-opening and enantioselective cyanation of cycloketone oxime esters.
Journal Article
رومانسية الغرفة الغربية : رواية
رومانسية الغرفة الغربية هي واحدة من المسرحيات الدرامية التي حظيت بشعبية لا مثيل لها في الصين، منذ ظهورها في القرن الثالث عشر الميلادي، وقد تعرضت لنقد كثير إيجابي وسلبي على حد سواء، وكان لها تأثير كبير على العديد من المسرحيات والقصص القصيرة والروايات اللاحقة، كما لعبت دورا مهما في تطور النقد الدرامي. تتناول هذه المسرحية عدة مواضيع، منها : الثورة على الأعراف السائدة، ودعم حرية الشباب في اختيار الزوج المناسب بأنفسهم في ذلك الوقت، بعيدا عن قيود جميع العادات والتقاليد القديمة البالية، من خلال علاقة تجمع بين طالب علم مكافح وفتاة جميلة يحبان بعضهما من النظرة الأولى. يهدف هذا الكتاب-بلغته السلسة وكلماته البسيطة إلى مساعدة القراء في جميع أنحاء العالم على فهم هذه المسرحية.
Tumour heterogeneity and intercellular networks of nasopharyngeal carcinoma at single cell resolution
The heterogeneous nature of tumour microenvironment (TME) underlying diverse treatment responses remains unclear in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Here, we profile 176,447 cells from 10 NPC tumour-blood pairs, using single-cell transcriptome coupled with T cell receptor sequencing. Our analyses reveal 53 cell subtypes, including tumour-infiltrating CD8
+
T, regulatory T (Treg), and dendritic cells (DCs), as well as malignant cells with different Epstein-Barr virus infection status. Trajectory analyses reveal exhausted CD8
+
T and immune-suppressive TNFRSF4
+
Treg cells in tumours might derive from peripheral CX3CR1
+
CD8
+
T and naïve Treg cells, respectively. Moreover, we identify immune-regulatory and tolerogenic LAMP3
+
DCs. Noteworthily, we observe intensive inter-cell interactions among LAMP3
+
DCs, Treg, exhausted CD8
+
T, and malignant cells, suggesting potential cross-talks to foster an immune-suppressive niche for the TME. Collectively, our study uncovers the heterogeneity and interacting molecules of the TME in NPC at single-cell resolution, which provide insights into the mechanisms underlying NPC progression and the development of precise therapies for NPC.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a diverse cancer characterised by a heterogeneous microenvironment. Here, the authors use single cell sequencing to analyse the tumour microenvironment in 10 nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumours and identify different cell types including immune-suppressive T regulatory, tolerogenic dendritic, and exhausted CD8 T cells.
Journal Article
Groundwater pollution risk control from an industrial economics perspective : a case study on the Jilin section of the Songhua River
This book argues that groundwater pollution risk assessment is the essential foundation of groundwater pollution prevention and control. It is on this basis that economic leverage is used to make new breakthroughs in groundwater protection and governance. Presenting a case study on the Jilin Section of the Songhua River, the book applies the overlay index method to assess the shallow groundwater pollution risk and identify high-risk areas and major pollution sources in an effort to identify the mechanism of interaction between industrial structures and groundwater pollution. Further, it proposes concrete measures for preventing and controlling groundwater pollution from an industrial economics perspective. As such, the book offers a valuable resource for all graduate students, lecturers and researchers who are interested in learning about resources and environmental economics.
Book
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycoengineered IgG antibodies and glycosite-specific antibody–drug conjugates
Glycoengineering of IgG antibodies and glycosite-specific antibody–drug conjugates is an important tool for enhancing their therapeutic efficacy. Tang
et al
. describe a protocol for efficient and homogeneous chemoenzymatic antibody glycoengineering.
Glycoengineered therapeutic antibodies and glycosite-specific antibody–drug conjugates (gsADCs) have generated great interest among researchers because of their therapeutic potential. Endoglycosidase-catalyzed
in vitro
glycoengineering technology is a powerful tool for IgG Fc (fragment cystallizable)
N
-glycosylation remodeling. In this protocol, native heterogeneously glycosylated IgG
N
-glycans are first deglycosylated with a wild-type endoglycosidase. Next, a homogeneous
N
-glycan substrate, presynthesized as described here, is attached to the remaining
N
-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) of IgG, using a mutant endoglycosidase (also called endoglycosynthase) that lacks hydrolytic activity but possesses transglycosylation activity for glycoengineering. Compared with
in vivo
glycoengineering technologies and the glycosyltransferase-enabled
in vitro
engineering method, the current approach is robust and features quantitative yield, homogeneous glycoforms of produced antibodies and ADCs, compatibility with diverse natural and non-natural glycan structures, convenient exploitation of native IgG as the starting material, and a well-defined conjugation site for antibody modifications. Potential applications of this method cover a broad scope of antibody-related research, including the development of novel glycoengineered therapeutic antibodies with enhanced efficacy, site-specific antibody–drug conjugation, and site-specific modification of antibodies for fluorescent labeling, PEGylation, protein cross-linking, immunoliposome formation, and so on, without loss of antigen-binding affinity. It takes 5–8 d to prepare the natural or modified
N
-glycan substrates, 3–4 d to engineer the IgG
N
-glycosylation, and 2–5 d to synthesize the small-molecule toxins and prepare the gsADCs.
Journal Article
Dictionary of environmental and climate change law
This dictionary defines terms employed in international agreements, national legislation and scholarly legal studies related to comparative and international environmental law and the emerging law of climate change. Each term also includes its pinyin translation in order to facilitate accessing the Mandarin variants of each term.
Book
A review of artificial fish swarm algorithms: recent advances and applications
The Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm (AFSA) is inspired by the ecological behaviors of fish schooling in nature, viz., the preying, swarming and following behaviors. Owing to a number of salient properties, which include flexibility, fast convergence, and insensitivity to the initial parameter settings, the family of AFSA has emerged as an effective Swarm Intelligence (SI) methodology that has been widely applied to solve real-world optimization problems. Since its introduction in 2002, many improved and hybrid AFSA models have been developed to tackle continuous, binary, and combinatorial optimization problems. This paper aims to present a concise review of the continuous AFSA, encompassing the original ASFA, its improvements and hybrid models, as well as their associated applications. We focus on articles published in high-quality journals since 2013. Our review provides insights into AFSA parameters modifications, procedure and sub-functions. The main reasons for these enhancements and the comparison results with other hybrid methods are discussed. In addition, hybrid, multi-objective and dynamic AFSA models that have been proposed to solve continuous optimization problems are elucidated. We also analyse possible AFSA enhancements and highlight future research directions for advancing AFSA-based models.
Journal Article
إدارة الأزمات في زمن الأوبئة : مقالات لـ 56 عالما في الإدارة
يضم هذا الكتاب خلاصة تجارب وعصارة أفكار 56 عالما، هم من أبرز علماء الإدارة في الصين، وقد حملوا على عاتقهم مسؤولية قيادة المؤسسات الصينية لسنوات عديدة، وهو كتاب مرجعي لكل المؤسسات على المستوى العالمي والتي إن حدث لها ضرر في فترات الأزمات أو الأوبئة، فلن يتوقف هذا الضرر عند ملاكها أو المنتفعين منها، بل سيمتد أثره إلى قطاعات عريضة من العمالة، وسيضرب القوة الإنتاجية ولا سيما الصادرات والواردات وغيرها من الموارد. ومن ثم فهم محاربون على الخطوط الأولى، مثلهم مثل الأطباء في أزمة انتشار فيروس كورونا المستجد، وإن كان مجال تخصص كل مختلفا منهم عن الآخر، ففريق منهم ينقذ حياة الناس، بينما الفريق الآخر ينقذ أقواتهم. ولغة الكتاب لغة سهلة وبسيطة، تنطلق أفكاره من مواقف عامة وليست من مواقف خاصة محددة، ومن هنا تعد أفكاره صالحة للتطبيق على المؤسسات الصغيرة والمتوسطة في كل مكان، والتي أصبح لزاما عليها أن تلجأ للابتكار والإبداع إن أرادت الاستمرار على قيد الحياة، وبات عليها أن تبحث وسط ركام الأزمة عن الإيجابيات التي يمكن أن تهب لها حياة جديدة وسبلا مبتكرة للخلاص.
Book
A microRNA-inducible CRISPR–Cas9 platform serves as a microRNA sensor and cell-type-specific genome regulation tool
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that play important regulatory roles in plants, animals and viruses. Measuring miRNA activity in vivo remains a big challenge. Here, using an miRNA-mediated single guide RNA (sgRNA)-releasing strategy and dCas9–VPR to drive a transgene red fluorescent protein, we create an miRNA sensor that can faithfully measure miRNA activity at cellular levels and use it to monitor differentiation status of stem cells. Furthermore, by designing sgRNAs to target endogenous loci, we adapted this system to control the expression of endogenous genes or mutate specific DNA bases upon induction by cell-type-specific miRNAs. Finally, by miRNA sensor library screening, we discover a previously undefined layer of heterogeneity associated with miR-21a activity in mouse embryonic stem cells. Together, these results highlight the utility of an miRNA-induced CRISPR–Cas9 system as miRNA sensors and cell-type-specific genome regulation tools.
Wang et al. developed an inducible CRISPR–Cas9 system, in which guide RNA release is controlled by specific microRNAs, and demonstrated its application as a microRNA sensor and cell-type-specific genome regulator.
Journal Article