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يضم هذا الكتاب مجموعة من الروايات القصيرة لكاتب من أكثر الكتاب تأثيرا في الصين على مدار الثلاثين عاما الأخيرة، وهو «وانغ شياوبو»، الذي يبتكر موضوعات للقص، تقارب الحياة المعاصرة، وعبرها يمكن اكتشاف لذة القص والقنص في آن، فهو يأخذ القارئ باتجاه الأسئلة «المسكوت عنها» في أكثر المساحات الإنسانية تعقيدا، ويضرب، بنبرته الجريئة، عرض الحائط بالكثير من «التابوهات» أو الثوابت، سواء تعلقت بالذات الإنسانية وهي في أقصى لحظات ضعفها أو بالصور النمطية التي تصدرها المؤسسات - كل المؤسسات - عن نفسها، وتخفي خلف نفوذها نمطا من الهشاشة، يصعب تفاديه، هنا كتابة تحتفي بالضعف الإنساني، وتزهو بجلال الخسارة، وتصنع من ندوب الحياة أفقا للتحايل، ما يجعل القصص كلها (كرنفالا) للاحتفال الساخر بمأزق الإنسان المعاصر في هذا البلد الكبير.
Book
Research Progress and Perspective on Drought Stress in Legumes: A Review
Climate change, food shortage, water scarcity, and population growth are some of the threatening challenges being faced in today’s world. Drought stress (DS) poses a constant challenge for agricultural crops and has been considered a severe constraint for global agricultural productivity; its intensity and severity are predicted to increase in the near future. Legumes demonstrate high sensitivity to DS, especially at vegetative and reproductive stages. They are mostly grown in the dry areas and are moderately drought tolerant, but severe DS leads to remarkable production losses. The most prominent effects of DS are reduced germination, stunted growth, serious damage to the photosynthetic apparatus, decrease in net photosynthesis, and a reduction in nutrient uptake. To curb the catastrophic effect of DS in legumes, it is imperative to understand its effects, mechanisms, and the agronomic and genetic basis of drought for sustainable management. This review highlights the impact of DS on legumes, mechanisms, and proposes appropriate management approaches to alleviate the severity of water stress. In our discussion, we outline the influence of water stress on physiological aspects (such as germination, photosynthesis, water and nutrient uptake), growth parameters and yield. Additionally, mechanisms, various management strategies, for instance, agronomic practices (planting time and geometry, nutrient management), plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation, quantitative trait loci (QTLs), functional genomics and advanced strategies (CRISPR-Cas9) are also critically discussed. We propose that the integration of several approaches such as agronomic and biotechnological strategies as well as advanced genome editing tools is needed to develop drought-tolerant legume cultivars.
Journal Article
DeepUbi: a deep learning framework for prediction of ubiquitination sites in proteins
Background
Protein ubiquitination occurs when the ubiquitin protein binds to a target protein residue of lysine (K), and it is an important regulator of many cellular functions, such as signal transduction, cell division, and immune reactions, in eukaryotes. Experimental and clinical studies have shown that ubiquitination plays a key role in several human diseases, and recent advances in proteomic technology have spurred interest in identifying ubiquitination sites. However, most current computing tools for predicting target sites are based on small-scale data and shallow machine learning algorithms.
Results
As more experimentally validated ubiquitination sites emerge, we need to design a predictor that can identify lysine ubiquitination sites in large-scale proteome data. In this work, we propose a deep learning predictor, DeepUbi, based on convolutional neural networks. Four different features are adopted from the sequences and physicochemical properties. In a 10-fold cross validation, DeepUbi obtains an AUC (area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve) of 0.9, and the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity exceeded 85%. The more comprehensive indicator, MCC, reaches 0.78. We also develop a software package that can be freely downloaded from
https://github.com/Sunmile/DeepUbi
.
Conclusion
Our results show that DeepUbi has excellent performance in predicting ubiquitination based on large data.
Journal Article
Origin and adaptation to high altitude of Tibetan semi-wild wheat
Tibetan wheat is grown under environmental constraints at high-altitude conditions, but its underlying adaptation mechanism remains unknown. Here, we present a draft genome sequence of a Tibetan semi-wild wheat (
Triticum aestivum
ssp.
tibetanum
Shao) accession Zang1817 and re-sequence 245 wheat accessions, including world-wide wheat landraces, cultivars as well as Tibetan landraces. We demonstrate that high-altitude environments can trigger extensive reshaping of wheat genomes, and also uncover that Tibetan wheat accessions accumulate high-altitude adapted haplotypes of related genes in response to harsh environmental constraints. Moreover, we find that Tibetan semi-wild wheat is a feral form of Tibetan landrace, and identify two associated loci, including a 0.8-Mb deletion region containing
Brt1/2
homologs and a genomic region with
TaQ-5A
gene, responsible for rachis brittleness during the de-domestication episode. Our study provides confident evidence to support the hypothesis that Tibetan semi-wild wheat is de-domesticated from local landraces, in response to high-altitude extremes.
Mechanism of high altitude adaptation of wheat remains unknown. Here, the authors assemble the draft genome of a Tibetan semi-wild wheat accession and resequence 245 wheat accessions to reveal that Tibetan semi-wild wheat has been de-domesticated from local landraces to adapt to high altitude.
Journal Article
Population sequencing enhances understanding of tea plant evolution
Tea is an economically important plant characterized by a large genome, high heterozygosity, and high species diversity. In this study, we assemble a 3.26-Gb high-quality chromosome-scale genome for the ‘Longjing 43’ cultivar of
Camellia sinensis
var.
sinensis
. Genomic resequencing of 139 tea accessions from around the world is used to investigate the evolution and phylogenetic relationships of tea accessions. We find that hybridization has increased the heterozygosity and wide-ranging gene flow among tea populations with the spread of tea cultivation. Population genetic and transcriptomic analyses reveal that during domestication, selection for disease resistance and flavor in
C. sinensis
var.
sinensis
populations has been stronger than that in
C. sinensis
var.
assamica
populations. This study provides resources for marker-assisted breeding of tea and sets the foundation for further research on tea genetics and evolution.
Tea is an important beverage crop with a large and heterozygous genome. Here, the authors assemble the genome of the cultivar Longjing 43 and conduct a population genetics study to reveal divergent selection for disease resistance and flavor between the two variety groups.
Journal Article
Deciphering macrobenthic biological traits in response to long-term eutrophication in Xiangshan Bay, China
As an emerging global issue in coastal marine ecosystems, eutrophication may lead to profound ecological consequences or disasters. Six locations in Xiangshan Bay were sampled during 2012–2022 along the eutrophication gradient from the innermost bay with the most eutrophication to the outer bay with the least eutrophication. A trait-based method was adopted to explore the ecological effects of eutrophication on macrobenthic communities. The results showed that the community composition is mostly characterized by deposit feeders and predators with small (1–3 cm) and large (> 10 cm) body sizes, classified as indifferent and tolerant species (AMBI ecological groups), deposit feeders and predators (feeding mode), and a preference for a free living lifestyle. The RLQ and fourth-corner analyses further confirmed that there was a negative correlation between the abundance of small macrobenthic organisms (< 1 cm) and nitrate concentration. Phosphorus was a crucial influencing factor for macrobenthic spatial patterns and was strongly affected by the activities of deposit feeders and the decomposition of macrobenthos. Due to mass organic deposition resulting from increased primary production, long-term eutrophication had led to an increase in the proportion of detritus feeders. In addition, the significant negative correlation between the concentration of dissolved oxygen and first-order opportunistic species represented by the polychaete
Capitella capitata
indicated tolerance to hypoxia. The macrobenthic community in Xiangshan Bay had been negatively affected but maintains considerable stability in functional diversity and functional redundancy under the influence of long-term eutrophication.
Journal Article
Wood-inspired metamaterial catalyst for robust and high-throughput water purification
Continuous industrialization and other human activities have led to severe water quality deterioration by harmful pollutants. Achieving robust and high-throughput water purification is challenging due to the coupling between mechanical strength, mass transportation and catalytic efficiency. Here, a structure-function integrated system is developed by Douglas fir wood-inspired metamaterial catalysts featuring overlapping microlattices with bimodal pores to decouple the mechanical, transport and catalytic performances. The metamaterial catalyst is prepared by metal 3D printing (316 L stainless steel, mainly Fe) and electrochemically decorated with Co to further boost catalytic functionality. Combining the flexibility of 3D printing and theoretical simulation, the metamaterial catalyst demonstrates a wide range of mechanical-transport-catalysis capabilities while a 70% overlap rate has 3X more strength and surface area per unit volume, and 4X normalized reaction kinetics than those of traditional microlattices. This work demonstrates the rational and harmonious integration of structural and functional design in robust and high throughput water purification, and can inspire the development of various flow catalysts, flow batteries, and functional 3D-printed materials.
Continuous industrialization and human activities have led to severe water quality deterioration. Here, a structure-function integrated system is developed by Douglas fir wood inspired metamaterial catalysts with robust and high throughput water purification performances.
Journal Article
Predictive value of the prognostic nutritional index for the severity of coronavirus disease 2019
•The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) reflects the immune-nutritional status of patients infected with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)•PNI score decreased with the progress of COVID-19 from common to severe forms•The PNI is an inverse and independent factor associated with the severity of COVID-19•PNI < 49 is a cutoff value to predict the severe form of COVID-19•PNI score could be a simple, fast, and effective predictor of COVID-19
Malnutrition plays a critical role in the onset and progress of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of the present study was to explore the association of the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) score with the severity of COVID-19 and its predictive value of the severe form of COVID-19.
Clinical data were collected from 122 patients infected with COVID-19 and hospitalized at the Sixth People's Hospital of Wenzhou, China, a specialized infectious hospital affiliated with the Wenzhou Central Hospital. PNI score was calculated as serum albumin (g/L) + 5 × total lymphocyte count (/nL).
The study population consisted of 105 patients (86.1%) with a common form and 17 patients (13.9%) with a severe form of COVID-19. PNI score significantly decreased from patients with common to severe forms of COVID-19 (P = .029) regardless of sex, age range, and body mass index (BMI). After adjustment for sex, age, indexes of liver and renal function, C-reactive protein, and current smoking status, PNI scores remained independently and inversely associated with the severity of COVID-19 (odd ratio: 0.797; P = .030). A receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that PNI scores had a similar accuracy to predict severe forms of COVID-19 compared with its combination with sex, age, and BMI (P = .402). PNI < 49 was defined as the cutoff value to predict the severe form of COVID-19.
Poorer nutritional status predisposed patients infected with COVID-19 to its severe form. Independently associated with the severity of COVID-19, PNI score could serve as a simple, fast, and effective predictor among patients with different sex, age, and BMI.
Journal Article
Soybean genetic resources contributing to sustainable protein production
Key messageGenetic resources contributes to the sustainable protein production in soybean.Soybean is an important crop for food, oil, and forage and is the main source of edible vegetable oil and vegetable protein. It plays an important role in maintaining balanced dietary nutrients for human health. The soybean protein content is a quantitative trait mainly controlled by gene additive effects and is usually negatively correlated with agronomic traits such as the oil content and yield. The selection of soybean varieties with high protein content and high yield to secure sustainable protein production is one of the difficulties in soybean breeding. The abundant genetic variation of soybean germplasm resources is the basis for overcoming the obstacles in breeding for soybean varieties with high yield and high protein content. Soybean has been cultivated for more than 5000 years and has spread from China to other parts of the world. The rich genetic resources play an important role in promoting the sustainable production of soybean protein worldwide. In this paper, the origin and spread of soybean and the current status of soybean production are reviewed; the genetic characteristics of soybean protein and the distribution of resources are expounded based on phenotypes; the discovery of soybean seed protein-related genes as well as transcriptomic, metabolomic, and proteomic studies in soybean are elaborated; the creation and utilization of high-protein germplasm resources are introduced; and the prospect of high-protein soybean breeding is described.
Journal Article
Penaeid shrimp genome provides insights into benthic adaptation and frequent molting
Crustacea, the subphylum of Arthropoda which dominates the aquatic environment, is of major importance in ecology and fisheries. Here we report the genome sequence of the Pacific white shrimp
Litopenaeus vannamei
, covering ~1.66 Gb (scaffold N50 605.56 Kb) with 25,596 protein-coding genes and a high proportion of simple sequence repeats (>23.93%). The expansion of genes related to vision and locomotion is probably central to its benthic adaptation. Frequent molting of the shrimp may be explained by an intensified ecdysone signal pathway through gene expansion and positive selection. As an important aquaculture organism,
L. vannamei
has been subjected to high selection pressure during the past 30 years of breeding, and this has had a considerable impact on its genome. Decoding the
L. vannamei
genome not only provides an insight into the genetic underpinnings of specific biological processes, but also provides valuable information for enhancing crustacean aquaculture.
The Pacific white shrimp
Litopenaeus vannamei
is an important aquaculture species and a promising model for crustacean biology. Here, the authors provide a reference genome assembly, and show that gene expansion is involved in the regulation of frequent molting as well as benthic adaptation of the shrimp.
Journal Article