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In today's highly advanced industrialised and modernised world, China's economy is still growing, and its demand for energy is increasing daily. It is crucial to examine the connection between energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth in order to promote economic growth based on energy conservation and emission reduction. Using Dezhou City in Shandong Province as an example, the study builds a VAR model of carbon emission, energy consumption, and economic growth in Dezhou City based on simplified macroeconomic sub-models, energy sub-models, and environmental sub-models. It then determines the correlation and influence mechanism between the three using tests like ADF unit root and Granger causality. The pertinent elements affecting Dezhou's carbon emissions were then investigated using grey correlation analysis. Finally, based on the study's findings, policy suggestions are made regarding energy use, carbon emissions, and economic expansion. It is necessary not only to restrain high-energy consumption industries and fundamentally optimize the energy consumption structure, but also to find new economic growth points and improve economic growth channels, so as to optimize the industrial structure. In this process, increasing the proportion of the tertiary industry is a key measure. In addition, the government needs to advocate the citizens to adopt a low-carbon lifestyle, and the concept of low-carbon environmental protection will be deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. This study will provide suggestions and theoretical guidance for China's energy consumption and carbon emissions, and help achieve high-quality growth of China and even the world economy.

Sportswear comfort is a very important content in the evaluation of sportswear design and development. By reading relevant research literature at home and abroad, it is concluded that the commonly used evaluation methods in the study of sportswear comfort are subjective feeling evaluation method, objective evaluation method and subjective and objective comprehensive evaluation method, etc., and the implementation requirements, advantages and disadvantages of different evaluation methods are analyzed. Research shows that the actual performance of sportswear in survey research, is usually subjective feelings and objective evaluation method is used in combination, in the experimental study on the design to improve targeting, as far as possible to improve the effectiveness of the test results, comprehensive analysis of the different test results at the same time, to achieve a comprehensive, scientific, appropriate and accurate evaluation conclusion.

Polyphenols, which are probably the most important secondary metabolites produced by plants, have attracted tremendous attention due to their health-promoting effects, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-adipogenic, and neuro-protective activities, as well as health properties. However, due to their complicated structures and high molecular weights, a large proportion of dietary polyphenols remain unabsorbed along the gastrointestinal tract, while in the large intestine they are biotransformed into bioactive, low-molecular-weight phenolic metabolites through the residing gut microbiota. Dietary polyphenols can modulate the composition of intestinal microbes, and in turn, gut microbes catabolize polyphenols to release bioactive metabolites. To better investigate the health benefits of dietary polyphenols, this review provides a summary of their modulation through in vitro and in vivo evidence (animal models and humans), as well as their possible actions through intestinal barrier function and gut microbes. This review aims to provide a basis for better understanding the relationship between dietary polyphenols, gut microbiota, and host health.

Effective calibration of miniature air quality monitor measurements is an important task to ensure accurate measurements and guarantee sustainable air quality. The aim of this study is to calibrate the measurement data of miniature air quality monitors using Stepwise Regression Analysis and Support Vector Regression (SRA-SVR) combined model. Firstly, a stepwise regression analysis model is used to find a linear relationship between the measured data from the miniature air quality monitor and the air pollutant concentration. Secondly, support vector regression is used to extract the non-linear relationships which affect the pollutant concentrations hidden in the residuals of the stepwise regression analysis model. Finally, the residual calibration values of the SVR model outputs are added to the SRA model outputs to obtain the final outputs of the SRA-SVR combined model for the pollutants. Mean absolute error, relative mean absolute percent error and root mean square error are used to compare the effectiveness of the SRA-SVR combined model and some other commonly used statistical models for the calibration of miniature air quality monitors. The results show that the SRA-SVR combination model performs optimally on both the training and test sets, regardless of which pollutant and which indicator. The SRA-SVR combined model not only has the advantages of the SRA model’s strong interpretability and the SVR model’s high accuracy, but also has higher accuracy than the single model. By using this model to calibrate the measurements of the miniature air quality monitor, its accuracy can be improved by 61.33%–87.43%.

Tiny water drops produced from bubble bursting play a critical role in forming clouds, scattering sunlight, and transporting pathogens from water to the air. Bubbles burst by nucleating a hole at their cap foot and may produce jets or film drops. The latter originate from the fragmentation of liquid ligaments formed by the centripetal destabilization of the opening hole rim. They constitute a major fraction of the aerosols produced from bubbles with cap radius of curvature (R) > ∼0.4 × capillary length (a). However, our present understanding of the corresponding mechanisms does not explain the production of most submicron film drops, which represent the main number fraction of sea spray aerosols. In this study, we report observations showing that bursting bubbles with R < ∼0.4a are actually mainly responsible for submicron film drop production, through a mechanism involving the flapping shear instability of the cap with the outer environment. With this proposed pathway, the complex relations between bubble size and number of drops produced per bubble can be better explained, providing a fundamental framework for understanding the production flux of aerosols and the transfer of substances mediated by bubble bursting through the air–water interface and the sensitivity of the process to the nature of the environment.

In response to friction and wear failure of the middle groove of a scraper conveyor, ultrasonic-assisted laser cladding technology was employed to prepare an Fe60/WC composite coating on the surface of 16Mn steel. The microstructure, hardness, friction and wear morphology, and other coating properties were tested and analysed using a microhardness tester, scanning electron microscope, ultradepth digital microscope, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and friction and wear tester. This study examined the impact of ultrasonic-assisted laser cladding technology on the wear resistance of composite coatings. The results indicate that the fused coating has excellent formability; a certain thickness and dense bonding zone are formed at the interface between the coating and the central groove; the dilution rate of the overlay coating is approximately 14.8%; the microhardness of the wear-resistant coating is significantly increased; the average friction coefficient and wear rate of the overlay coating are considerably reduced; the wear mechanism of the wear-resistant coatings is abrasive wear; and the overlay coating possesses high wear resistance. This research also offers a theoretical foundation for the development of wear-resistant materials and the enhancement of surface-hardening technology.

Background Peripheral glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament light chain (NfL) are sensitive markers of neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. Previous studies with highly selected participants have shown that peripheral GFAP and NfL levels are elevated in the pre-clinical phase of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia. However, the predictive value of GFAP and NfL for dementia requires more evidence from population-based cohorts. Methods This was a prospective cohort study to evaluate UK Biobank participants enrolled from 2006 to 2010 using plasma GFAP and NfL measurements measured by Olink Target Platform and prospectively followed up for dementia diagnosis. Primary outcome was the risk of clinical diagnosed dementia. Secondary outcomes were cognition. Linear regression was used to assess the associations between peripheral GFAP and NfL with cognition. Cox proportional hazard models with cross-validations were used to estimate associations between elevated GFAP and NfL with risk of dementia. All models were adjusted for covariates. Results A subsample of 48,542 participants in the UK Biobank with peripheral GFAP and NfL measurements were evaluated. With an average follow-up of 13.18 ± 2.42 years, 1312 new all-cause dementia cases were identified. Peripheral GFAP and NfL increased up to 15 years before dementia diagnosis was made. After strictly adjusting for confounders, increment in NfL was found to be associated with decreased numeric memory and prolonged reaction time. A greater annualized rate of change in GFAP was significantly associated with faster global cognitive decline. Elevation of GFAP (hazard ratio (HR) ranges from 2.25 to 3.15) and NfL (HR ranges from 1.98 to 4.23) increased the risk for several types of dementia. GFAP and NfL significantly improved the predictive values for dementia using previous models (area under the curve (AUC) ranges from 0.80 to 0.89, C-index ranges from 0.86 to 0.91). The AD genetic risk score and number of APOE*E4 alleles strongly correlated with GFAP and NfL levels. Conclusions These results suggest that peripheral GFAP and NfL are potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of dementia. In addition, anti-inflammatory therapies in the initial stages of dementia may have potential benefits.

Background Age-related sarcopenia is a serious global health issue in elderly individuals and for the community as it induces disability and significant economic burden. The purpose of the study is to understand the factors associated with sarcopenia and the role of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) in the occurrence of sarcopenia. Methods Elderly patients ( n  = 3276) were included in this cross-sectional study. Survey and measurement of body composition (bioelectrical impedance), grip strength, and step speed were performed according to the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia (AWGS) diagnostic criteria. Hematological and hormonal indicators were compared between patients with and without sarcopenia in order to identify the associated factors. Results There were significant differences in the demographic parameters between the sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia groups (all P  < 0.05). There were significant differences between the two groups regarding the blood levels of GH, IGF-1, testosterone (T), and mechanical growth factor (MGF) (all P  < 0.001). Correlation analyses showed that the appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMI) was positively associated with gender and BMI, and with GH, T, IGF-1, MGF, BUN, Cr, and Hb levels, but negatively associated with HDL-C (all P  < 0.05). Logistic multivariable regression analysis showed that IGF-1, MGF, BMI, and gender were independently associated with appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMI) (all P  < 0.05). Conclusions GH and IGF-1 are associated with sarcopenia in the elderly. IGF-1 and MGF are independently associated with the reduction of skeletal muscle mass, along with BMI and gender.

With the development of remote sensing technology, the application of hyperspectral images is becoming more and more widespread. The accurate classification of ground features through hyperspectral images is an important research content and has attracted widespread attention. Many methods have achieved good classification results in the classification of hyperspectral images. This paper reviews the classification methods of hyperspectral images from three aspects: supervised classification, semisupervised classification, and unsupervised classification.

Background Chromochloris zofingiensis, a freshwater alga capable of synthesizing both triacylglycerol (TAG) and astaxanthin, has been receiving increasing attention as a leading candidate producer. While the mechanism of oleaginousness and/or carotenogenesis has been studied under such induction conditions as nitrogen deprivation, high light and glucose feeding, it remains to be elucidated in response to salt stress, a condition critical for reducing freshwater footprint during algal production processes. Results Firstly, the effect of salt concentrations on growth, lipids and carotenoids was examined for C. zofingiensis, and 0.2 M NaCl demonstrated to be the optimal salt concentration for maximizing both TAG and astaxanthin production. Then, the time-resolved lipid and carotenoid profiles and comparative transcriptomes and metabolomes were generated in response to the optimized salt concentration for congruent analysis. A global response was triggered in C. zofingiensis allowing acclimation to salt stress, including photosynthesis impairment, ROS build-up, protein turnover, starch degradation, and TAG and astaxanthin accumulation. The lipid metabolism involved a set of stimulated biological pathways that contributed to carbon precursors, energy and reductant molecules, pushing and pulling power, and storage sink for TAG accumulation. On the other hand, salt stress suppressed lutein biosynthesis, stimulated astaxanthin biosynthesis (mainly via ketolation), yet had little effect on total carotenoid flux, leading to astaxanthin accumulation at the expense of lutein. Astaxanthin was predominantly esterified and accumulated in a well-coordinated manner with TAG, pointing to the presence of common regulators and potential communication for the two compounds. Furthermore, the comparison between salt stress and nitrogen deprivation conditions revealed distinctions in TAG and astaxanthin biosynthesis as well as critical genes with engineering potential. Conclusions Our multi-omics data and integrated analysis shed light on the salt acclimation of C. zofingiensis and underlying mechanisms of TAG and astaxanthin biosynthesis, provide engineering implications into future trait improvements, and will benefit the development of this alga for production uses under saline environment, thus reducing the footprint of freshwater.