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The discord between the insufficient abundance and the excellent electrocatalytic activity of Pt urgently requires its atomic-level engineering for minimal Pt dosage yet maximized electrocatalytic performance. Here we report the design of ultrasmall triphenylphosphine-stabilized Pt 6 nanoclusters for electrocatalytic hydrogen oxidation reaction in alkaline solution. Benefiting from the self-optimized ligand effect and atomic-precision structure, the nanocluster electrocatalyst demonstrates a high mass activity, a high stability, and outperforms both Pt single atoms and Pt nanoparticle analogues, uncovering an unexpected size optimization principle for designing Pt electrocatalysts. Moreover, the nanocluster electrocatalyst delivers a high CO-tolerant ability that conventional Pt/C catalyst lacks. Theoretical calculations confirm that the enhanced electrocatalytic performance is attributable to the bifold effects of the triphenylphosphine ligand, which can not only tune the formation of atomically precise platinum nanoclusters, but also shift the d -band center of Pt atoms for favorable adsorption kinetics of *H, *OH, and CO. While Pt is an active fuel cell catalyst, it’s low abundance and high cost spurs research into boosting performances from lesser Pt amounts. Here, authors design atomically precise triphenylphosphine-stabilized Pt nanoclusters with high activities and durabilities for electrocatalytic H 2 oxidation.

Background Cisplatin resistance is a major challenge for advanced head and neck cancer (HNC). Understanding the underlying mechanisms and developing effective strategies against cisplatin resistance are highly desired in the clinic. However, how tumor stroma modulates HNC growth and chemoresistance is unclear. Results We show that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are intrinsically resistant to cisplatin and have an active role in regulating HNC cell survival and proliferation by delivering functional miR-196a from CAFs to tumor cells via exosomes. Exosomal miR-196a then binds novel targets, CDKN1B and ING5, to endow HNC cells with cisplatin resistance. Exosome or exosomal miR-196a depletion from CAFs functionally restored HNC cisplatin sensitivity. Importantly, we found that miR-196a packaging into CAF-derived exosomes might be mediated by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1). Moreover, we also found that high levels of plasma exosomal miR-196a are clinically correlated with poor overall survival and chemoresistance. Conclusions The present study finds that CAF-derived exosomal miR-196a confers cisplatin resistance in HNC by targeting CDKN1B and ING5, indicating miR-196a may serve as a promising predictor of and potential therapeutic target for cisplatin resistance in HNC.

Designing Pt-based electrocatalysts with high catalytic activity and CO tolerance is challenging but extremely desirable for alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction. Herein we report the design of a series of single-atom lanthanide (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, and Lu)-embedded ultrasmall Pt nanoclusters for efficient alkaline hydrogen electro-oxidation catalysis based on vapor filling and spatially confined reduction/growth of metal species. Mechanism studies reveal that oxophilic single-atom lanthanide species in Pt nanoclusters can serve as the Lewis acid site for selective OH - adsorption and regulate the binding strength of intermediates on Pt sites, which promotes the kinetics of hydrogen oxidation and CO oxidation by accelerating the combination of OH − and *H/*CO in kinetics and thermodynamics, endowing the electrocatalyst with up to 14.3-times higher mass activity than commercial Pt/C and enhanced CO tolerance. This work may shed light on the design of metal nanocluster-based electrocatalysts for energy conversion. Exploring enhanced catalysts for alkaline hydrogen oxidation with high catalytic activity and CO tolerance is highly desired yet challenging. Here, the authors report single-atom lanthanide embedded Pt nanoclusters with high activities and durability.

Polyaniline has been widely used in high-performance pseudocapacitors, due to its low cost, easy synthesis, and high theoretical specific capacitance. However, the poor mechanical properties of polyaniline restrict its further development. Compared with polyaniline, functionalized carbon materials have excellent physical and chemical properties, such as porous structures, excellent specific surface area, good conductivity, and accessibility to active sites. However, it should not be neglected that the specific capacity of carbon materials is usually unsatisfactory. There is an effective strategy to combine carbon materials with polyaniline by a hybridization approach to achieve a positive synergistic effect. After that, the energy storage performance of carbon/polyaniline hybridization material has been significantly improved, making it a promising and important electrode material for supercapacitors. To date, significant progress has been made in the synthesis of various carbon/polyaniline binary composite electrode materials. In this review, the corresponding properties and applications of polyaniline and carbon hybrid materials in the energy storage field are briefly reviewed. According to the classification of different types of functionalized carbon materials, this article focuses on the recent progress in carbon/polyaniline hybrid materials, and further analyzes their corresponding properties to provide guidance for the design, synthesis, and component optimization for high-performance supercapacitors.

Spintronic devices based on antiferromagnetic (AFM) materials hold the promise of fast switching speeds and robustness against magnetic fields1–3. Different device concepts have been predicted4,5 and experimentally demonstrated, such as low-temperature AFM tunnel junctions that operate as spin-valves6, or room-temperature AFM memory, for which either thermal heating in combination with magnetic fields7 or Néel spin–orbit torque8 is used for the information writing process. On the other hand, piezoelectric materials were employed to control magnetism by electric fields in multiferroic heterostructures9–12, which suppresses Joule heating caused by switching currents and may enable low-energy-consuming electronic devices. Here, we combine the two material classes to explore changes in the resistance of the high-Néel-temperature antiferromagnet MnPt induced by piezoelectric strain. We find two non-volatile resistance states at room temperature and zero electric field that are stable in magnetic fields up to 60 T. Furthermore, the strain-induced resistance switching process is insensitive to magnetic fields. Integration in a tunnel junction can further amplify the electroresistance. The tunnelling anisotropic magnetoresistance reaches ~11.2% at room temperature. Overall, we demonstrate a piezoelectric, strain-controlled AFM memory that is fully operational in strong magnetic fields and has the potential for low-energy and high-density memory applications.

Lipid metabolism that correlates tightly to the glucose metabolic regulation in malignant cells includes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. The transcription factor Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 (SREBP-1), a regulator of fatty acid synthesis, has been shown to pivotally regulate the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells. However, the intrinsic mechanism by which SREBP-1 regulates the survival of HCC cells remains unclear. In this study, among HCC patients who had dismal responses to Sorafenib, a high SREBP-1 level was found in the tumors and correlated to poor survival. This observation suggested the negative role of SREBP-1 in clinical HCC prognosis. Our mechanistical studies reveal that the inhibition of SREBP-1 via its inhibitor Betulin suppresses cellular glucose metabolism. In addition to the reduced glycolytic activity, a thwarted metastatic potential was observed in HCC cells upon Betulin administration. Moreover, our data show that SREBP-1 inhibition facilitated the antitumor effects of Sorafenib on HCC cells and xenograft tumors.

Posaconazole (POS) tablets were approved for prophylaxis of invasive fungal disease (IFD) in patients with hematological disorders undergoing haploidentical allogeneic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT). There is limited research on drug–drug interactions (DDIs) between POS, cyclosporine A (CsA), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), as well as the impact of POS on acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) in haplo-HSCT patients receiving POS for secondary antifungal prophylaxis (SAP). This study aims to investigate the DDI between POS, CsA, and MMF, as well as the incidence of aGVHD in haplo-HSCT patients with prior-IFD. This is a single-arm, open-label, prospective trial. Plasma concentrations of POS, mycophenolic acid (MPA), and CsA were monitored within 30 days post-transplantation. In addition, the incidences of aGVHD and IFD were observed. Forty-six patients with prior-IFD were enrolled. POS reached a steady state by week 2, with the mean through blood concentration (TBC) of 0.54 ± 0.07 μg/mL. MPA achieved target levels by week 3 without dose adjustment, with a mean TBC of 0.84 ± 0.08 mg/L. The CsA TBC levels required individualized dose modifications. The incidences of grade II–IV and grade III–IV aGVHD were 47.83% and 21.74%, respectively. The breakthrough rate of SAP was 4.35% at 100 days and 10.86% at 6 months. The conclusions indicate that POS tablets do not require dose adjustments for MMF; however, CsA dosing must be individualized. POS tablets appear to be effective and well-tolerated for SAP in haplo-HSCT (the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: www.chictr.org.cn (ChiCTR2200059472)). Graphical Abstract

Anesthesia may induce neurotoxicity and neurocognitive impairment in young mice. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely to be determined. Meanwhile, autophagy is involved in brain development and contributes to neurodegenerative diseases. We, therefore, set out to determine the effects of sevoflurane on autophagy in the hippocampus of young mice and on cognitive function in the mice. Six day-old mice received 3% sevoflurane, for two hours daily, on postnatal days (P) 6, 7 and 8. We then decapitated the mice and harvested the hippocampus of the young mice at P8. The level of LC3, the ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I, and SQSTM1/p62 level associated with the autophagy in the hippocampus of the mice were assessed by using Western blotting. We used different groups of mice for behavioral testing via the Morris Water Maze from P31 to P37. The anesthetic sevoflurane increased the level of LC3-II and ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I, decreased the p62 level in the hippocampus of the young mice, and induced cognitive impairment in the mice. 3-Methyladenine, the inhibitor of autophagy, attenuated the activation of autophagy and ameliorated the cognitive impairment induced by sevoflurane in the young mice. These data showed that sevoflurane anesthesia might induce cognitive impairment in the young mice via activation of autophagy in the hippocampus of the young mice. These findings from the proof of concept studies have established a system and suggest the role of autophagy in anesthesia neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment in the young mice, pending further investigation.

The anomalous Hall effect is a time-reversal symmetry-breaking magneto-electronic phenomenon originally discovered in ferromagnets. Recently, ruthenium dioxide (RuO 2 ) with a compensated antiparallel magnetic order has been predicted to generate an anomalous Hall effect of comparable strength to ferromagnets. The phenomenon arises from an altermagnetic phase of RuO 2 with a characteristic alternating spin polarization in both real-space crystal structure and momentum-space band structure. Here we report an anomalous Hall effect in RuO 2 with an anomalous Hall conductivity exceeding 1,000 Ω −1  cm −1 . We combine the vector magnetometry and magneto-transport measurements of epitaxial RuO 2 films of different crystallographic orientations. We show that the anomalous Hall effect dominates over an ordinary Hall contribution, and a contribution due to a weak field-induced magnetization. Our results could lead to the exploration of topological Berry phases and dissipationless quantum transport in crystals of abundant elements and with a compensated antiparallel magnetic order. By combining vector magnetometry and magneto-transport measurements of epitaxial films with different crystallographic orientations, an anomalous Hall effect can be measured in collinear altermagnetic ruthenium dioxide with an anomalous Hall conductivity exceeding 1,000 Ω –1  cm –1 .

Different types of network traffic can be treated as data originating from different domains with the same objectives of problem-solving. Previous work utilizing multi-domain machine learning has primarily assumed that data in different domains have the same distribution, which fails to effectively address the domain offset problem and may not achieve excellent performance in every domain. To address these limitations, this study proposes an attention-based bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) model for detecting coordinated network attacks, such as malware detection, VPN encapsulation recognition, and Trojan horse classification. To begin, HTTP traffic is modeled as a series of natural language sequences, where each request follows strict structural standards and language logic. The Bi-LSTM model is designed within the framework of multi-domain machine learning technologies to recognize anomalies of network attacks from different domains. Experiments on real HTTP traffic data sets demonstrate that the proposed model has good performance in detecting abnormal network traffic and exhibits strong generalization ability, enabling it to effectively detect different network attacks simultaneously.