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Environment-friendly flexible Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 (CZTSSe) solar cells show great potentials for indoor photovoltaic market. Indoor lighting is weak and multi-directional, thus the researches of photovoltaic device structures, techniques and performances face new challenges. Here, we design symmetrical bifacial CZTSSe solar cells on flexible Mo-foil substrate to efficiently harvest the indoor energy. Such devices are fabricated by double-sided deposition techniques to ensure bifacial consistency and save cost. We report 9.3% and 9% efficiencies for the front and back sides of the flexible CZTSSe solar cell under the standard sun light. Considering the indoor environment, we verify weak-light response performance of the devices under LED illumination and flexibility properties after thousands of bending. Bifacial CZTSSe solar cells in parallel achieve the superposition of double-sided output current from multi-directional light, significantly enhancing the area utilization rate. The present results and methods are expected to expand indoor photovoltaic applications. Indoor lighting is weak and multi-directional, thus the requirement for photovoltaic differs from that designed for outdoor. To efficiently harvest the indoor energy, the authors designed CZTSSe bifacial solar cells on flexible Mo substrate using double-sided deposition to ensure consistency and to save cost.

Highlights The development history, characteristics and applications of high entropy alloys, high entropy oxides and high entropy MXenes are reviewed. High entropy materials as cathode, anode and electrolyte to improve batteries capacity, cycle life and cycle stability are introduced systematically. The latest progresses of employing machine learning in high entropy battery materials are highlighted and discussed in details. High-entropy materials (HEMs) have attracted considerable research attention in battery applications due to exceptional properties such as remarkable structural stability, enhanced ionic conductivity, superior mechanical strength, and outstanding catalytic activity. These distinctive characteristics render HEMs highly suitable for various battery components, such as electrodes, electrolytes, and catalysts. This review systematically examines recent advances in the application of HEMs for energy storage, beginning with fundamental concepts, historical development, and key definitions. Three principal categories of HEMs, namely high-entropy alloys, high-entropy oxides, and high-entropy MXenes, are analyzed with a focus on electrochemical performance metrics such as specific capacity, energy density, cycling stability, and rate capability. The underlying mechanisms by which these materials enhance battery performance are elucidated in the discussion. Furthermore, the pivotal role of machine learning in accelerating the discovery and optimization of novel high-entropy battery materials is highlighted. The review concludes by outlining future research directions and potential breakthroughs in HEM-based battery technologies.

HighlightsThe all-solid-state thin-film Li-S battery has been successfully developed by stacking VGs-Li2S cathode, lithium-phosphorous-oxynitride (LiPON) solid electrolyte, and Li anode.The obtained VGs-Li2S thin-film cathode exhibits excellent long-term cycling stability (more than 3,000 cycles), and an exceptional high temperature tolerance (up to 60 °C).The superb electrochemical performance can be attributed to the favorable compatibility and outstanding interfacial stability between VGs-Li2S thin film and LiPON.Lithium-sulfur (Li–S) system coupled with thin-film solid electrolyte as a novel high-energy micro-battery has enormous potential for complementing embedded energy harvesters to enable the autonomy of the Internet of Things microdevice. However, the volatility in high vacuum and intrinsic sluggish kinetics of S hinder researchers from empirically integrating it into all-solid-state thin-film batteries, leading to inexperience in fabricating all-solid-state thin-film Li–S batteries (TFLSBs). Herein, for the first time, TFLSBs have been successfully constructed by stacking vertical graphene nanosheets-Li2S (VGs-Li2S) composite thin-film cathode, lithium-phosphorous-oxynitride (LiPON) thin-film solid electrolyte, and Li metal anode. Fundamentally eliminating Li-polysulfide shuttle effect and maintaining a stable VGs-Li2S/LiPON interface upon prolonged cycles have been well identified by employing the solid-state Li–S system with an “unlimited Li” reservoir, which exhibits excellent long-term cycling stability with a capacity retention of 81% for 3,000 cycles, and an exceptional high temperature tolerance up to 60 °C. More impressively, VGs-Li2S-based TFLSBs with evaporated-Li thin-film anode also demonstrate outstanding cycling performance over 500 cycles with a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.71%. Collectively, this study presents a new development strategy for secure and high-performance rechargeable all-solid-state thin-film batteries.

Lithium (Li) has garnered considerable attention as an alternative anodes of next‐generation high‐performance batteries owing to its prominent theoretical specific capacity. However, the commercialization of Li metal anodes (LMAs) is significantly compromised by non‐uniform Li deposition and inferior electrolyte–anode interfaces, particularly at high currents and capacities. Herein, a hierarchical three‐dimentional structure with CoSe2‐nanoparticle‐anchored nitrogen‐doped carbon nanoflake arrays is developed on a carbon fiber cloth (CoSe2–NC@CFC) to regulate the Li nucleation/plating process and stabilize the electrolyte–anode interface. Owing to the enhanced lithiophilicity endowed by CoSe2–NC, in situ‐formed Li2Se and Co nanoparticles during initial Li nucleation, and large void space, CoSe2–NC@CFC can induce homogeneous Li nucleation/plating, optimize the solid electrolyte interface, and mitigate volume change. Consequently, the CoSe2–NC@CFC can accommodate Li with a high areal capacity of up to 40 mAh cm–2. Moreover, the Li/CoSe2–NC@CFC anodes possess outstanding cycling stability and lifespan in symmetric cells, particularly under ultrahigh currents and capacities (1600 h at 10 mA cm−2/10 mAh cm−2 and 5 mA cm−2/20 mAh cm−2). The Li/CoSe2–NC@CFC//LiFePO4 full cell delivers impressive long‐term performance and favorable flexibility. The developed CoSe2–NC@CFC provides insights into the development of advanced Li hosts for flexible and stable LMAs. A hierarchical CoSe2‐nanoparticle‐anchored nitrogen‐doped carbon nanoflake arrays is developed on a carbon fiber cloth for a flexible and stable Li host with excellent cycling performance under ultrahigh currents and capacities.

Credit-linked notes (CLNs) are vital for transferring and diversifying credit risks in asset securitization, yet their application in China remains limited despite policy support. This paper optimizes China’s CLN pricing mechanism by developing the structured model incorporating the dynamic default boundary and the probability of government implicit guarantees. The model transforms the pricing problem into a semi-unbounded problem via partial differential methods, yielding an explicit pricing solution through Poisson’s formula. Empirical analysis reveals that government implicit guarantees are observed in systemically important institutions in the domestic CLN market and significantly reduce credit risk premiums, with Monte Carlo simulations indicating an approximately positive linear correlation between guarantee probability and CLN prices. Our results demonstrate the dual impact of implicit guarantees—lowering risk premiums while potentially hindering market discipline. This research advances China’s credit derivative pricing theory, offering institutions a pricing tool and further providing policy and practical suggestions for regulatory authorities.

Peripheral nerves are composed of complex layered anatomical structures, including epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium. Perineurium and endoneurium contain many physical barriers, including the blood-nerve barrier at endoneurial vessels and the perineurial barrier. These physical barriers help to eliminate flux penetration and thus contribute to the establishment of a stable microenvironment. In the current review, we introduce the anatomical compartments and physical barriers of peripheral nerves and then describe the cellular and molecular basis of peripheral physical barriers. We also specifically explore peripheral nerve injury-induced changes of peripheral physical barriers, including elevated endoneurial fluid pressure, increased leakage of tracer, decreased barrier-type endothelial cell ratio, and altered distributions and expressions of cellular junctional proteins. The understanding of the pathophysiological changes of physical barriers following peripheral nerve injury may provide a clue for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are of academic and economic significance, but still limited by the lack of highly active electrode materials for de-/intercalation of large-radius K ions. Herein, an interconnected nitrogen/sulfur co-doped carbon nanosheep bundle (N/S-CSB) was proposed as the potassium ions storage material. The rich co-doping of nitrogen/sulfur of N/S-CNB with three-dimensional hierarchical bundled array structure yields distensible interlayer spaces to buffer the volume expansion during K + insertion/extraction, offers more electrochemical active sites to obtain a high specific capacity, and provides efficient channels for fast ion/electron transports. Therefore, the N/S-CSB anode achieved high reversible specific capacity of 365 mAh/g obtained at 50 mA/g after 200 cycles with a coulombic efficiency (CE) close to 100%, high rate performance and long cycle stability. Moreover, the in-situ Raman spectra indicated outstanding reaction kinetics of as-prepared N/S-CSB anode.

The development of stretchable smart electronics has attracted great attentions due to their potential applications in human motions energy collection systems and self-powered biomechanical tracking technologies. Here, we present a newly stretchable all-rubber-based thread-shaped triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) composed of the silver-coated glass microspheres/silicone rubber as the stretchable conductive thread (SCT) and the silicone rubber-coated SCT (SSCT) as the other triboelectric thread. The stretchable all-rubber-based thread-shaped TENG (SATT) generates an open-circuit voltage of 3.82 V and short-circuit current of 65.8 nA under the 100% strain and can respond to different finger motion states. Furthermore, the self-powered smart textile (SPST) woven by the SCT and SSCT units has two kinds of working mechanisms about stretch-release and contact-separation modes. The stretching-releasing interaction between knitting units can generate an open-circuit voltage of 8.1 V and short-circuit current of 0.42 μA, and the contacting-separating mode occurs between cotton and two types material outside the SPST producing peak voltage of 150 V and peak current of 2.45 μA. To prove the promising applications, the SPST device is capable to provide electrical energy to commercial electronics and effectively scavenge full-range biomechanical energy from human joint motions. Therefore, this work provides a new approach in the applications of stretchable wearable electronics for power generation and self-powered tracking.

Peripheral nerve injury is a global problem that causes disability and severe socioeconomic burden. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) benefits peripheral nerve regeneration and becomes a promising therapeutic molecule. In the current study, we found that microRNA-1 (miR-1) directly targeted BDNF by binding to its 3′-UTR and caused both mRNA degradation and translation suppression of BDNF. Moreover, miR-1 induced BDNF mRNA degradation primarily through binding to target site 3 rather than target site 1 or 2 of BDNF 3′-UTR. Following rat sciatic nerve injury, a rough inverse correlation was observed between temporal expression profiles of miR-1 and BDNF in the injured nerve. The overexpression or silencing of miR-1 in cultured Schwann cells (SCs) inhibited or enhanced BDNF secretion from the cells, respectively and also suppressed or promoted SC proliferation and migration, respectively. Interestingly, BDNF knockdown could attenuate the enhancing effect of miR-1 inhibitor on SC proliferation and migration. These findings will contribute to the development of a novel therapeutic strategy for peripheral nerve injury, which overcomes the limitations of direct administration of exogenous BDNF by using miR-1 to regulate endogenous BDNF expression.

The Loran-C system is an internationally standardized positioning, navigation, and timing service system. It is the most important backup and supplement for the global navigation satellite system (GNSS). However, the existing Loran-C signal acquisition methods are easily affected by noise and cross-rate interference (CRI). Therefore, this article proposes an envelope delay correlation acquisition method that, when combined with linear digital averaging (LDA) technology, can effectively suppress noise and CRI. The selection of key parameters and the performance of the acquisition method are analyzed through a simulation. When the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is −16 dB, the acquisition probability is more than 90% and the acquisition error is less than 1 μs. When the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) of the CRI is −5 dB, the CRI can also be suppressed and the acquisition error is less than 5 μs. These results show that our acquisition method is accurate. The performance of the method is also verified by actual signals emitted by a Loran-C system. These test results show that our method can reliably detect Loran-C pulse group signals over distances up to 1500 km, even at low SNR. This will enable the modern Loran-C system to be a more reliable backup for the GNSS system.