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Rainfed agriculture plays key role in ensuring food security and maintain ecological balance. Especially in developing areas, most grain food are produced rainfed agricultural ecosystem. Therefore, the increase of crop yields in rainfed agricultural ecosystem becomes vital as well as ensuring global food security. The potential roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in improving crop yields under rainfed condition were explored based on 546 pairs of observations published from 1950 to 2021. AMF inoculation increased 23.0% crop yields based on 13 popular crops under rainfed condition. Not only was crop biomass of shoot and root increased 24.2% and 29.6% by AMF inocula, respectively but also seed number and pod/fruit number per plant were enhanced markedly. Further, the effect of AMF on crop yields depended on different crop groups. AMF improved more yield of N-fixing crops than non-N-fixing crops. The effect of AMF changed between grain and non-grain crops with the effect size of 0.216 and 0.352, respectively. AMF inoculation enhances stress resistance and photosynthesis of host crop in rainfed agriculture. AMF increased crop yields by enhancing shoot biomass due to the improvement of plant nutrition, photosynthesis, and stress resistance in rainfed field. Our findings provide a new view for understanding the sustainable productivity in rainfed agroecosystem, which enriched the theory of AMF functional diversity. This study provided a theoretical and technical way for sustainable production under rainfed agriculture.

(1) Background: environmental gradient strongly affects microbial biodiversity, but which factors drive the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with roots at relatively large spatial scales requires further research; (2) Methods: an experiment on large spatial scales of Mt. Taibai was conducted to explore the biodiversity and drivers of AMF-associated with roots using high-throughput sequencing; (3) Results: a total of 287 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belong to 62 species representing 4 identified and 1 unclassified order were identified along different altitudinal gradients. With increasing altitude, AMF colonization could be simulated by a quadratic function trend, and altitude has a significant impact on colonization. AMF alpha diversity, including the Sobs and Shannon indexes, tended to be quadratic function trends with increasing altitude. The highest diversity indices occurred at mid-altitudes, and altitude had a significant effect on them. AMF communities have different affinities with soil and root nutrient, and Glomus is most affected by soil and root nutrient factors through the analysis of the heatmap. Glomus are the most dominant, with an occurrence frequency of 91.67% and a relative abundance of 61.29% and 53.58% at the level of species and OTU, respectively. Furthermore, AMF diversity were mostly associated with soil and root nutrients; (4) Conclusions: in general, AMF molecular diversity is abundant in Mt. Taibai, and altitude and nutrient properties of soil and root are the main influencing factors on AMF diversity and distribution.

This paper presents a rigid–elastic coupling dynamic model for a morphing aircraft with variable-sweep wings, developed using Kane’s method. The model accurately captures the interactions between flight dynamics and structural dynamics during morphing. To fully account for the coupling effects, we derive a morphing aircraft model consisting of a rigid fuselage and two elastic wings. Each wing is modeled as a straight beam undergoing small elastic deformations while experiencing large overall motions following the fuselage in space, along with variable-sweep rotations relative to the fuselage. These factors introduce uncertainties into the flight dynamics. To quantify the uncertainties caused by wing rotation, additional morphing forces and moments are introduced to describe morphing-induced uncertainties, while additional elastic forces and moments are defined to account for uncertainties arising from wing deformations. Numerical simulations are conducted across different models and morphing rates to analyze the dynamic characteristics. The results reveal that the elastic deformations of morphing wings significantly influence pitch angles, pitch rates, and wing vibrations, particularly during large-sweep transitions exceeding 45°. Additionally, slow morphing rates below 5°/s induce significant transient uncertainties due to elastic vibrations. These findings establish a quantitative relationship between morphing rate, vibration characteristics, and model uncertainties, providing valuable insights for trajectory tracking and attitude control in morphing aircraft.

(1) Background: Understanding the diversity of communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is the basis for understanding the ecological functions of AMF. (2) Methods: The community diversity and distribution of AMF at different elevations in tropical montane rainforests of Mt. Jianfenfling and Mt. Diaoluo were explored using high-throughput sequencing technology. (3) Results: A total of 283 AMF operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified from roots and the number of unique OTUs was 173, accounting for 61.13% of the total number discovered in these tropical montane rainforests. At different altitudes, high turnovers of AMF were observed, with the maximum proportion of unique OTUs between two altitudes being 45.16%, recorded between a.s.l. 250 m and 900 m on Mt. Diaoluo. The highest Sobs, Shannon and Pielou diversity indices appeared at 650 m on Mt. Diaoluo. For the two mountains, the soil properties of C, N and C/N have significant impacts on the genera Scutellospora, Paraglomus and unclassified in Archaeosporaceae, while the genera Glomus, Diversispora and Acaulospora are significantly affected by soil P and pH. It can be considered that altitude probably determines the presence of AMF communities by affecting edaphic properties. (4) Conclusions: There are abundant AMF associated with roots in the tropical montane rainforests of China. Furthermore, a high turnover of OTUs was found to exist between the mountains and at different altitudes, revealing diverse AMF community structures in tropical montane rainforests.

Aiming at the salvo-attack problem of multiple missiles, a distributed cooperative guidance law based on the event-triggered mechanism is proposed, which enables missiles with large differences in spatial location and velocity to achieve simultaneous attacks with only a few dozen information exchanges. It effectively reduces the generation of control commands and communication frequency, thereby reducing channel load and improving communication efficiency and reliability. Compared to traditional periodic sampling communication, the number of communications has been reduced by over 90%. The guidance process is divided into two stages. The first stage is the cooperative guidance stage, where missiles achieve consensus of the time-to-go estimates through information exchange. In this stage, each missile is designed with an event-triggered function based on its own state error, and the missile only updates and transmits its information in the communication network when the error meets the set threshold, effectively reducing the occupancy rate of missile-borne resources during the cooperation process. The second stage is the independent guidance stage, where missiles can hit the target simultaneously while keeping the communication network silent. This is achieved by ensuring that the time-to-go estimates of missiles can represent the real time-to-go after achieving consensus. By the design of the two-stage guidance law and the replacement of the event-triggered function, the cooperative guidance system can be ensured to remain stable in scenarios where the leader missile is present and destroyed, and this excludes Zeno behavior. The stability of the cooperative guidance law is rigorously proved by algebraic graph theory, matrix theory, and the Lyapunov method. Finally, the numerical simulation results demonstrate the validity of the algorithm and the correctness of the stability analysis.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a neurotropic pathogen that causes lethal encephalitis. The high susceptibility and massive proliferation of JEV in neurons lead to extensive neuronal damage and inflammation within the central nervous system. Despite extensive research on JEV pathogenesis, the effect of JEV on the cellular composition and viral tropism towards distinct neuronal subtypes in the brain is still not well comprehended. To address these issues, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on cells isolated from the JEV-highly infected regions of mouse brain. We obtained 88,000 single cells and identified 34 clusters representing 10 major cell types. The scRNA-seq results revealed an increasing amount of activated microglia cells and infiltrating immune cells, including monocytes & macrophages, T cells, and natural killer cells, which were associated with the severity of symptoms. Additionally, we observed enhanced communication between individual cells and significant ligand-receptor pairs related to tight junctions, chemokines and antigen-presenting molecules upon JEV infection, suggesting an upregulation of endothelial permeability, inflammation and antiviral response. Moreover, we identified that Baiap2-positive neurons were highly susceptible to JEV. Our findings provide valuable clues for understanding the mechanism of JEV induced neuro-damage and inflammation as well as developing therapies for Japanese encephalitis.

The problem of three-dimensional impact time control guidance considering field-of-view constraints and time-varying velocity is investigated in this study. First, considering the effect of gravity and aerodynamic forces on velocity, a simplified numerical estimation algorithm of flight time with a three-dimensional proportional navigation guidance law is derived. Then, based on the structure of the biased proportional navigation guidance law, the effect of the biased term on flight time is analyzed. The biased term is then designed to achieve impact time and field-of-view constraints considering time-varying velocity. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed guidance law.

Mycorrhizal strategies include mycorrhizal statuses and mycorrhizal types, which are important reflections of the functional characteristics of ecosystems. The stoichiometry of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in plant organs is an important part of ecosystem functions, which has an important impact on the nutrient cycle of the ecosystem. The concentration of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus played a crucial role in ecosystem functioning and dynamics. The purpose of this study is to provide theoretical basis and data support for improving the properties of global terrestrial ecosystems by exploring the impact of mycorrhizal strategies on the stoichiometry of C, N, and P in different shrub organs. In this study, stoichiometric patterns of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in different shrub organs under different mycorrhizal status or types were analyzed at 725 samples across Northern China. Results showed that in different mycorrhizal status, the highest carbon concentration in shrub organs appeared in the facultatively mycorrhizal (FM) mycorrhizal status, and the highest nitrogen concentration appeared in the Non-mycorrhizal (NM) mycorrhizal status. Under different mycorrhizal types, the nitrogen concentration in the shrub organs under the arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) mycorrhizal type was the highest, and the phosphorus concentration under the ecto-mycorrhiza (ECM) mycorrhizal type was the highest. In the OM or FM mycorrhizal status, the concentrations of C, N, and P in the stems and leaves increase with the increase of the concentrations of C, N, and P in the roots. In the NM mycorrhizal status, the N concentration in the stems and leaves increases with the increase of the N concentration in the roots. Under AM, AM+ECM, and ECM mycorrhizal type, the concentrations of C, N, and P are closely related in roots, stems and leaves. The content of plant nutrients in different organs is closely related. It turned out that mycorrhizal statuses or types are able to alter the allocation of C, N, and P in different organs, and the relationships of C, N, and P among different organs are able to present different trend with the varying of mycorrhizal statuses or types.

Mosquito-borne flaviviruses present a major public health concern. Their transmission is sustained in a cycle between mosquitoes and vertebrate hosts. However, the dynamicity of the virus-mosquito-host triad has not been completely understood. Herein, we discussed determinants of viral, vertebrate host, and mosquito origins that ensure virus adaptability and transmission in the natural environment. In particular, we provided insights into how proteins and RNAs of flaviviruses, blood parameters and odours of humans, and gut microbiota, saliva, and hormones of mosquitoes coordinate with each other to perpetuate the virus transmission cycle. A better knowledge of mechanisms permitting flaviviruses dissemination in nature can provide opportunities for establishing new virus-controlling strategies and could guide future epidemic and pandemic preparedness.

The problem of impact time control guidance with field-of-view constraint is addressed based on time-varying sliding mode control. The kinematic conditions that satisfy the impact time control with field-of-view constraint are defined, and then a novel time-varying sliding surface is constructed to achieve the defined conditions. The sliding surface contains two unknown coefficients: one is tuned to achieve the global sliding surface to satisfy the impact time constraint and zero miss distance, and the other is tuned to guarantee the field-of-view constraint. The guidance law is designed to ensure the realization of the global sliding mode. On this basis, the guidance law is modified to a closed-loop structure, and the maximum detection capability of the seeker is utilized to a greater extent. Under the proposed guidance law, neither the small angle assumption nor time-to-go estimation is needed. The guidance command is continuous and converges to 0 at the desired impact time. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed guidance law.