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"Wang, Yan-qing"
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نحو عالم عادل يسع الجميع : الاشتراكية الصينية في القرن الحادي والعشرين
يقدم هذا الكتاب عرضا للتجربة الاشتراكية الصينية في القرن العشرين، ولتصور الأمة الصينية لمستقبلها الاشتراكي في القرن الحادي والعشرين. ولتحقيق هذا التطور الهائل، أسست الصين تقاليدها الاشتراكية ذات الخصائص الصينية، وتغلبت على تحديات تحديث نظامها السياسي والاقتصادي، مع التمسك بالاقتصاد الجماعي في ظل اقتصاد السوق، وبناء حكومة موجهة نحو الخدمة العامة، والحكم الذاتي للشعب، وسيادة القانون، ومحاربة الفساد، وحل مشكلات المؤسسات المملوكة للدولة، وممارسة الديمقراطية الاشتراكية، والتنمية الحرة والشاملة للإنسان.
Book
Current Understanding of the Neural Circuitry in the Comorbidity of Chronic Pain and Anxiety
Chronic pain patients often develop mental disorders, and anxiety disorders are common. We hypothesize that the comorbid anxiety results from an imbalance between the reward and antireward system due to persistent pain, which leads to the dysfunction of the pain and anxiety regulatory system. In this review, we will focus on changes in neuroplasticity, especially in neural circuits, during chronic pain and anxiety as observed in animal studies. Several neural circuits within specific regions of the brain, including the nucleus accumbens, lateral habenular, parabrachial nucleus, medial septum, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, will be discussed based on novel findings after chemogenetic or optogenetic manipulation. We believe that these animal studies provide novel insights into human conditions and can guide clinical practice.
Journal Article
Phase diagram and electronic indication of high-temperature superconductivity at 65 K in single-layer FeSe films
The unconventional superconductivity associated with iron pnictide materials has been the subject of intense interest. Using an annealing procedure to control the charge-carrier concentration, the behaviour of an FeSe monolayer deposited on SrTiO
3
is now investigated, and indications of superconductivity at temperatures up to 65 K observed.
The recent discovery of possible high-temperature superconductivity in single-layer FeSe films
1
,
2
has generated significant experimental and theoretical interest
3
,
4
. In both the cuprate
5
,
6
and the iron-based
7
,
8
,
9
,
10
,
11
high-temperature superconductors, superconductivity is induced by doping charge carriers into the parent compound to suppress the antiferromagnetic state. It is therefore important to establish whether the superconductivity observed in the single-layer sheets of FeSe—the essential building blocks of the Fe-based superconductors—is realized by undergoing a similar transition. Here we report the phase diagram for an FeSe monolayer grown on a SrTiO
3
substrate, by tuning the charge carrier concentration over a wide range through an extensive annealing procedure. We identify two distinct phases that compete during the annealing process: the electronic structure of the phase at low doping (N phase) bears a clear resemblance to the antiferromagnetic parent compound of the Fe-based superconductors, whereas the superconducting phase (S phase) emerges with the increase in doping and the suppression of the N phase. By optimizing the carrier concentration, we observe strong indications of superconductivity with a transition temperature of 65±5 K. The wide tunability of the system across different phases makes the FeSe monolayer ideal for investigating not only the physics of superconductivity, but also for studying novel quantum phenomena more generally.
Journal Article
Genome-wide identification and characterization of members of the LEA gene family in Panax notoginseng and their transcriptional responses to dehydration of recalcitrant seeds
Background
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins play an important role in dehydration process of seed maturation. The seeds of
Panax notoginseng
(Burkill) F. H. Chen are typically characterized with the recalcitrance and are highly sensitive to dehydration. However, it is not very well known about the role of LEA proteins in response to dehydration stress in
P. notoginseng
seeds. We will perform a genome-wide analysis of the LEA gene family and their transcriptional responses to dehydration stress in recalcitrant
P. notoginseng
seeds.
Results
In this study, 61 LEA genes were identified from the
P. notoginseng
genome, and they were renamed as
PnoLEA
. The
PnoLEA
genes were classified into seven subfamilies based on the phylogenetic relationships, gene structure and conserved domains. The
PnoLEA
genes family showed relatively few introns and was highly conserved. Unexpectedly, the LEA_6 subfamily was not found, and the LEA_2 subfamily contained 46 (75.4%) members. Within 19 pairs of fragment duplication events, among them 17 pairs were LEA_2 subfamily. In addition, the expression of the
PnoLEA
genes was obviously induced under dehydration stress, but the germination rate of
P. notoginseng
seeds decreased as the dehydration time prolonged.
Conclusions
We found that the lack of the LEA_6 subfamily, the expansion of the LEA_2 subfamily and low transcriptional levels of most
PnoLEA
genes might be implicated in the recalcitrant formation of
P. notoginseng
seeds. LEA proteins are essential in the response to dehydration stress in recalcitrant seeds, but the protective effect of LEA protein is not efficient. These results could improve our understanding of the function of LEA proteins in the response of dehydration stress and their contributions to the formation of seed recalcitrance.
Journal Article
Exogenous gibberellic acid shortening after-ripening process and promoting seed germination in a medicinal plant Panax notoginseng
Background
Panax notoginseng
(Burk) F.H. Chen is an essential plant in the family of Araliaceae. Its seeds are classified as a type of morphophysiological dormancy (MPD), and are characterized by recalcitrance during the after-ripening process. However, it is not clear about the molecular mechanism on the after-ripening in recalcitrant seeds.
Results
In this study, exogenous supply of gibberellic acid (GA
3
) with different concentrations shortened after-ripening process and promoted the germination of
P. notoginseng
seeds. Among the identified plant hormone metabolites, exogenous GA
3
results in an increased level of endogenous hormone GA
3
through permeation. A total of 2971 and 9827 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in response to 50 mg L
−1
GA
3
(LG) and 500 mg L
−1
GA
3
(HG) treatment, respectively, and the plant hormone signal and related metabolic pathways regulated by GA
3
was significantly enriched. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that GA
3
treatment enhances GA biosynthesis and accumulation, while inhibiting the gene expression related to ABA signal transduction. This effect was associated with higher expression of crucial seed embryo development and cell wall loosening genes,
Leafy Contyledon1
(
LEC1
),
Late Embryogenesis Abundant
(
LEA
),
expansins
(
EXP
) and
Pectinesterase
(
PME
).
Conclusions
Exogenous GA
3
application promotes germination and shorts the after-ripening process of
P. notoginseng
seeds by increasing GA
3
contents through permeation. Furthermore, the altered ratio of GA and ABA contributes to the development of the embryo, breaks the mechanical constraints of the seed coat and promotes the protrusion of the radicle in recalcitrant
P. notoginseng
seeds. These findings improve our knowledge of the contribution of GA to regulating the dormancy of MPD seeds during the after-ripening process, and provide new theoretical guidance for the application of recalcitrant seeds in agricultural production and storage.
Journal Article
A TRPV4-dependent neuroimmune axis in the spinal cord promotes neuropathic pain
Microglia, resident macrophages of the CNS, are essential to brain development, homeostasis, and disease. Microglial activation and proliferation are hallmarks of many CNS diseases, including neuropathic pain. However, molecular mechanisms that govern the spinal neuroimmune axis in the setting of neuropathic pain remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that genetic ablation or pharmacological blockade of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) markedly attenuated neuropathic pain-like behaviors in a mouse model of spared nerve injury. Mechanistically, microglia-expressed TRPV4 mediated microglial activation and proliferation and promoted functional and structural plasticity of excitatory spinal neurons through release of lipocalin-2. Our results suggest that microglial TRPV4 channels reside at the center of the neuroimmune axis in the spinal cord, which transforms peripheral nerve injury into central sensitization and neuropathic pain, thereby identifying TRPV4 as a potential new target for the treatment of chronic pain.
Journal Article
Electronic origin of high-temperature superconductivity in single-layer FeSe superconductor
The recent discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in iron-based compounds has attracted much attention. How to further increase the superconducting transition temperature (
T
c
) and how to understand the superconductivity mechanism are two prominent issues facing the current study of iron-based superconductors. The latest report of high-
T
c
superconductivity in a single-layer FeSe is therefore both surprising and significant. Here we present investigations of the electronic structure and superconducting gap of the single-layer FeSe superconductor. Its Fermi surface is distinct from other iron-based superconductors, consisting only of electron-like pockets near the zone corner without indication of any Fermi surface around the zone centre. Nearly isotropic superconducting gap is observed in this strictly two-dimensional system. The temperature dependence of the superconducting gap gives a transition temperature
T
c
~ 55 K. These results have established a clear case that such a simple electronic structure is compatible with high-
T
c
superconductivity in iron-based superconductors.
The exact mechanism for superconductivity in iron-based superconductors remains elusive, but is thought to involve complex interactions between many orbitals. Using angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, Liu
et al
. report the electronic structure of the single-layer parent compound FeSe.
Journal Article
The Discovery, Enzymatic Characterization and Functional Analysis of a Newly Isolated Chitinase from Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus df347
In order to discover a broad-specificity and high stability chitinase, a marine fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus df347, was identified in the sediments of mangrove wetlands in Qinzhou Bay, China. The chitinase gene (AfChi28) from A. fumigatus df347 was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant enzyme AfChi28 was purified and characterized. AfChi28 is an acido-halotolerant- and temperature-resistant bifunctional enzyme with both endo- and exo-cleavage functions. Its enzymatic products are mainly GlcNAc, (GlcNAc)2, (GlcNAc)3 and (GlcNAc)4. Na+, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+ and Tris at a concentration of 50 mM had a strong stimulatory effect on AfChi28. The crude enzyme and pure enzyme exhibited the highest specific activity of 0.737 mU/mg and 52.414 mU/mg towards colloidal chitin. The DxDxE motif at the end of strand β5 and with Glu154 as the catalytic residue was verified by the AlphaFold2 prediction and sequence alignment of homologous proteins. Moreover, the results of molecular docking showed that molecular modeling of chitohexaose was shown to bind to AfChi28 in subsites −4 to +2 in the deep groove substrate-binding pocket. This study demonstrates that AfChi28 is a promising chitinase for the preparation of desirable chitin oligosaccharides, and provides a foundation for elucidating the catalytic mechanism of chitinases from marine fungi.
Journal Article
Association of pan-immune-inflammatory value with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: findings from NHANES 2017–2020
Background
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. The pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) has been proposed as a biomarker for assessing immune status and inflammation. There is currently no evidence regarding the effect of PIV on the risk of MASLD. This study aimed to investigate the association between PIV and MASLD.
Methods
The cross-sectional study included 6462 adults aged ≥ 20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017–2020. PIV was calculated based on blood count data. Weighted multivariable logistic regression was employed to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to investigate the association of PIV and MASLD. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis was conducted to explore the dose-response relationship between PIV and MASLD. Stratified and sensitivity analyses were performed to confirm the robustness of our findings.
Results
Among 6462 participants, 2458 were diagnosed with MASLD. Positive associations between LnPIV and MASLD were observed in all three models (Model 1: OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.28–1.66,
P
< 0.001; Model 2: OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.24–1.60,
P
< 0.001; Model 3: OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.16–1.65,
P
= 0.004). When PIV was classified into quartiles, both Q3 and Q4 exhibited significantly increased risks of MASLD compared with the reference Q1 in full adjusted Model 3 (Q3: OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.20–2.22,
P
= 0.012; Q4: OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.28–2.41,
P
= 0.008;
P
for trend = 0.002). RCS analysis did not show a nonlinear relationship between LnPIV and MASLD (
P
= 0.093 for nonlinearity). Stratified analysis showed a consistent positive association between LnPIV and MASLD in all subgroups, and sensitivity analyses supported the reliability of these results.
Conclusions
Higher PIV levels are significantly associated with an increased prevalence of MASLD, indicating that PIV is a potentially effective inflammatory marker for assessing MASLD in participants.
Journal Article
Tachykinin receptor 3 in the lateral habenula alleviates pain and anxiety comorbidity in mice
The coexistence of chronic pain and anxiety is a common clinical phenomenon. Here, the role of tachykinin receptor 3 (NK3R) in the lateral habenula (LHb) in trigeminal neuralgia and in pain-associated anxiety was systematically investigated. First, electrophysiological recording showed that bilateral LHb neurons are hyperactive in a mouse model of trigeminal neuralgia made by partial transection of the infraorbital nerve (pT-ION). Chemicogenetic activation of bilateral LHb glutamatergic neurons in naive mice induced orofacial allodynia and anxiety-like behaviors, and pharmacological activation of NK3R in the LHb attenuated allodynia and anxiety-like behaviors induced by pT-ION. Electrophysiological recording showed that pharmacological activation of NK3R suppressed the abnormal excitation of LHb neurons. In parallel, pharmacological inhibition of NK3R induced orofacial allodynia and anxiety-like behavior in naive mice. The electrophysiological recording showed that pharmacological inhibition of NK3R activates LHb neurons. Neurokinin B (NKB) is an endogenous high-affinity ligand of NK3R, which binds NK3R and activates it to perform physiological functions, and further neuron projection tracing showed that the front section of the periaqueductal gray (fPAG) projects NKB-positive nerve fibers to the LHb. Optogenetics combined with electrophysiology recordings characterize the functional connections in this fPAG NKB → LHb pathway. In addition, electrophysiological recording showed that NKB-positive neurons in the fPAG were more active than NKB-negative neurons in pT-ION mice. Finally, inhibition of NKB release from the fPAG reversed the analgesic and anxiolytic effects of LHb Tacr3 overexpression in pT-ION mice, indicating that fPAG NKB → LHb regulates orofacial allodynia and pain-induced anxious behaviors. These findings for NK3R suggest the cellular mechanism behind pT-ION in the LHb and suggest that the fPAG NKB → LHb circuit is involved in pain and anxiety comorbidity. This previously unrecognized pathway might provide a potential approach for relieving the pain and anxiety associated with trigeminal neuralgia by targeting NK3R.
Journal Article