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A new vortex identification criterion called W-method is proposed based on the ideas that vorticity overtakes deformation in vortex.The comparison with other vortex identification methods like Q-criterion and λ_2-method is conducted and the advantages of the new method can be summarized as follows：（1） the method is able to capture vortex well and very easy to perform;（2） the physical meaning of W is clear while the interpretations of iso-surface values of Q and λ_2 chosen to visualize vortices are obscure;（3）being different from Q and λ_2 iso-surface visualization which requires wildly various thresholds to capture the vortex structure properly, W is pretty universal and does not need much adjustment in different cases and the iso-surfaces of W=0.52 can always capture the vortices properly in all the cases at different time steps, which we investigated;（4） both strong and weak vortices can be captured well simultaneously while improper Q and λ_2 threshold may lead to strong vortex capture while weak vortices are lost or weak vortices are captured but strong vortices are smeared;（5） W=0.52 is a quantity to approximately define the vortex boundary. Note that, to calculate W, the length and velocity must be used in the non-dimensional form. From our direct numerical simulation, it is found that the vorticity direction is very different from the vortex rotation direction in general 3-D vortical flow,the Helmholtz velocity decomposition is reviewed and vorticity is proposed to be further decomposed to vortical vorticity and non-vortical vorticity.

As many countries recover from COVID-19 without constraints with travelling issues, in which citizens’ travelling and commuting behaviours and patterns are reemphasised. However, as for low-income households who are relatively disadvantaged and excluded from the labour and housing markets, research on their commuting behaviours and movement patterns has been underestimated, though they play an important role in improving social equality and ensuring the long-term sustainability of welfare systems. This study explores and predicts the extent to which jobs-housing balance can be understood and interpreted here by capturing dynamics in low-income households’ commuting behaviours and patterns influenced by subsidy housing preferences. A Spatial General Equilibrium Model is adopted based on the census data and a large-migrant survey in 2010–2020, China. The findings indicate that low and middle-low income households influenced by policy preferences adjust to their commuting behaviours by decreasing the commuting times and distances among different districts, showing a better jobs-housing balance. Low-income households tend to have a higher elasticity of jobs-housing balance than middle-low income households. Policy preferences contribute to improving jobs-housing balance and reducing commuting costs, and it is largely attributed to the quality of local transport infrastructure. Policy implications and limitations are also drawn.

Background Listeria monocytogenes consists of four lineages that occupy a wide variety of ecological niches. Sequence type (ST) 87 (serotype 1/2b), belonging to lineage I, is one of the most common STs isolated from food products, food associated environments and sporadic listeriosis in China. Here, we performed a comparative genomic analysis of the L. monocytogenes ST87 clone by sequencing 71 strains representing a diverse range of sources, different geographical locations and isolation years. Results The core genome and pan genome of ST87 contained 2667 genes and 3687 genes respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on core genome SNPs divided the 71 strains into 10 clades. The clinical strains were distributed among multiple clades. Four clades contained strains from multiple geographic regions and showed high genetic diversity. The major gene content variation of ST87 genomes was due to putative prophages, with eleven hotspots of the genome that harbor prophages. All strains carry an intact CRISRP/Cas system. Two major CRISPR spacer profiles were found which were not clustered phylogenetically. A large plasmid of about 90 Kb, which carried heavy metal resistance genes, was found in 32.4% (23/71) of the strains. All ST87 strains harbored the Listeria pathogenicity island (LIPI)-4 and a unique 10-open read frame (ORF) genomic island containing a novel restriction-modification system. Conclusion Whole genome sequence analysis of L. monocytogenes ST87 enabled a clearer understanding of the population structure and the evolutionary history of ST87 L. monocytogenes in China. The novel genetic elements identified may contribute to its virulence and adaptation to different environmental niches. Our findings will be useful for the development of effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of listeriosis caused by this prevalent clone.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex systemic autoimmune disease with no current cure. Developing diagnostic biomarkers is crucial for improving patient outcomes. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs that are more stable, abundant, and structurally distinct compared to linear RNAs. While circRNAs have shown promise as biomarkers in various diseases, their potential in pediatric SLE remains unclear. We performed RNA sequencing on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from pediatric SLE patients categorized into mild, moderate, and severe groups. CircRNA expression profiles were analyzed for differential expression. The potential of circRNAs as biomarkers for SLE severity was evaluated through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Additionally, Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between circRNA expression levels and the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score. Our analysis revealed significant differential expression of circRNAs across different SLE severity groups. The circRNA expression patterns were closely associated with various biological processes, including signaling pathways, metabolism, and transcriptional regulation. Furthermore, ROC analysis demonstrated the potential of circRNAs to predict SLE severity. Spearman correlation analysis showed a significant correlation between dysregulated circRNA expression and SLEDAI scores. Our findings strongly suggest that circRNAs could play a pivotal role in predicting pediatric SLE severity, offering a promising avenue for early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies. This research lays the groundwork for future studies exploring circRNAs in pediatric SLE pathogenesis and prognosis, with the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes and therapeutic interventions.

The Liutex vector is new quantity introduced to represent the rigid-body rotation part of fluid motion and thus to define and identify vortices in various flows. In this work, the intermittency and power-law similarity of the Liutex vector in homogeneous, isotropic turbulence and a turbulent channel are explored. First, we found that the Liutex vector is more intermittent than the vorticity vector in the considered turbulent flows, which indicates that an iso-surface of a Liutex magnitude with an appropriate threshold could capture the major rotating motions or vortical motions of the flow. Second, the three-dimensional energy spectrums of velocity, vorticity (enstrophy spectrum) and the Liutex vector in homogeneous isotropic turbulence are shown to exhibit power laws of −5/3, 1/3 and 1/3 in the inertial subrange, respectively, whilst the Liutex energy spectrum particularly satisfies an additional −10/3 power law in the viscous subrange. This viscous similarity of the Liutex vector is the only power law that survived from the wall presence and is argued to originate from the fact that the Liutex vector represents the rigid part of fluid motion and is free from any shear contamination. The existence of such a viscous similarity law indicates a certain coherence of the small scales of turbulence and could possibly help understand and model turbulence.

CdSe@CdS Core@shell quantum dots (QDs) have been widely studied in recent years, due to their architecture which allows to tailor properties by controlling structure and composition. However, since CdSe and CdS have the same crystal structure, same cations, and similar lattice parameters, it is very challenging to image the interface. Herein, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, high‐angle annular dark‐field imaging, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy elemental mapping are combined to characterize the core@shell structure and identify the interface in the CdSe@CdS QDs with different CdS shell thicknesses. By examining changes in lattice spacing in an individual CdSe@CdS quantum dot, the atomic core@shell interface is identified. For thin‐shelled QDs, an ideal coherent interface forms between core and shell due to the small lattice mismatch, and the lattice spacing remains unchanged at the core and shell regions. For thick‐shelled QDs, the lattice spacing is different at the core and shell regions, while the heterostructured interface is still coherent and cannot be clearly imaged. As the shell thickness further increases, a sharp core@shell interface appears. The results define an approach to characterize the heterostructure of two materials with the same crystalline structure and cations. A simple method is reported to identify the interface in individual CdSe@CdS QDs. For thin‐shelled QDs, an ideal coherent interface forms between core and shell, and the lattice spacing remains unchanged. For thick‐shelled QDs, the lattice spacing is different at the core and shell regions. As the shell thickness further increases, a sharp core@shell interface appears.

Increasing evidence has highlighted the critical functions of immunogenic cell death (ICD) within many tumors. However, the therapeutic possibilities and mechanism of utilizing ICD in melanoma are still not well investigated. Melanoma samples involved in our study were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. First, pan-cancer analysis of ICD systematically revealed its expression characteristics, prognostic values, mutation information, methylation level, pathway regulation relationship in multiple human cancers. The non-negative matrix factorization clustering was utilized to separate the TCGA-melanoma samples into two subtypes (i.e. C1 and C2) with different prognosis and immune microenvironment based on the expression traits of ICD. Then, LASSO-Cox regression analysis was utilized to determine an ICD-dependent risk signature (ICDRS) based on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two subtypes. Principal component analysis and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding analysis of ICDRS showed that high- and low-risk subpopulations could be clearly distinguished. Survival analysis and ROC curves in the training, internal validation, and external validation cohorts highlighted the accurate prognosis evaluation of ICDRS. The obvious discrepancies of immune microenvironment between the different risk populations might be responsible for the different prognoses of patients with melanoma. These findings revealed the close association of ICD with prognosis and tumor immune microenvironment. More importantly, ICDRS-based immunotherapy response and targeted drug prediction might be beneficial to different risk subpopulations of patients with melanoma. The innotative ICDRS could function as a marker to determine the prognosis and tumor immune microenvironment in melanoma. This will aid in patient classification for individualized melanoma treatment.

Meiyan Mi, Email sjzfcyy_china@126.com Wei Zhang, Email sjzdsyychina@126.comBackground: Direct comparative data on postoperative sexual function between laparoscopic total hysterectomy (LTH) and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in adenomyosis (AM) remain limited; therefore, this retrospective study compared sexual outcomes and their associations with psychological factors.Methods and Materials: Medical records of 193 AM patients who underwent either LTH (n=102) or HIFU (n=91) and completed six-month follow-up were retrospectively reviewed. Sexual function was evaluated using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), while psychological status was assessed using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD).Results: HIFU group demonstrated significantly higher total FSFI scores when compared with LTH group at 6 months post-treatment (27.3 vs 23.8, p< 0.001). Significant improvements were found in sexual desire (4.2 vs 3.6, p< 0.001), lubrication (4.0 vs 3.5, p< 0.05), orgasm (3.8 vs 3.2, p< 0.001), and satisfaction (3.3 vs 2.7, p< 0.001), while similar trend was observed in pain scores. It was further demonstrated that elevated anxiety and depression scores were negatively correlated with FSFI scores (r=− 0.39 and − 0.37, both p< 0.001).Conclusion: HIFU was associated with better sexual function compared to LTH in AM women, suggesting that HIFU may be a better strategy to preserve postoperative sexual function than LTH.

Artificial intelligence‐enhanced skin‐like sensors based on flexible nanogenerators have been widely used in physiological signal acquisition, artificial organ, sensory simulation, human movement status recognition, and other biomedical related fields due to their excellent biocompatibility, comfortable wearing experience, high sensing accuracy, and low power consumption. In this paper, the working principle, evolution process, and several established general strategies of artificial intelligence‐enhanced skin‐like sensors are summarized in detail. More importantly, this paper further reviews several recent important advances on artificial intelligence enhanced skin‐like sensor, and systematically analyzes and compares these works according to their principles and application directions. In the discussion section, we also list the current concerns of stress adaptation, stretchability–conductivity, algorithm optimization, function integration, and propose potential solutions to these problems. We hope that the deep integration of artificial intelligence and flexible nanogenerators can bring more enlightenment to the progress of biomedical engineering in the future. In this paper, the working principle, evolution process, and several established general strategies of artificial intelligence‐enhanced skin‐like sensors are summarized in detail. More importantly, this paper further reviews several recent important advances on artificial intelligence‐enhanced skin‐like sensor, and systematically analyzes and compares these works according to their principles and application directions.

Background To investigate the clinical application value of preoperative normalized apparent diffusion coefficient (nADC) from 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in predicting muscular invasion of bladder cancer (BC). Methods This retrospective study enrolled BC patients confirmed by surgical pathology at a tertiary hospital between November 2019 and May 2022. All patients underwent preoperative pelvic MRI with two-orientation diffusion-weighted imaging: axial image was acquired routinely, followed by sagittal or coronal image to display the tumor base optimally (selecting based on three-orientation T2-weighted imaging). Patients were divided into muscle-invasive BC (MIBC) and non-muscle-invasive BC (NMIBC) groups based on histopathology. Tumor ADC normalized to urine as reference. Two radiologists who were double-blind, measured the two-orientation ADC values of tumors and bladder urine on the same slice three times respectively, and calculated the average as ADC tumor value and ADC urine value. One of the radiologists repeated the measurements after 6 months. NADC = ADC tumor value / ADC urine value. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess inter- and intra-reader consistency, with ICC ≥ 0.75 indicating good consistency. With histopathology as the reference standard, receiver operating characteristic curves were used to compared the diagnostic performance of nADC and ADC tumor value, and to determine cut-off value, sensitivity, and specificity using the maximum Youden index. Results The study included 109 patients (56 MIBC and 53 NMIBC). The inter- and intra-reader consistency for the two readers in measuring tumor and urine ADC values were good (ICC > 0.75, p  < 0.001). Both nADC and ADC tumor value were negatively correlated with tumor muscular invasion (r nADC = -0.723, r ADC = -0.600, p  < 0.001). MIBC showed lower nADC (0.292 vs. 0.375, p  < 0.001) and ADC tumor value (0.894 × 10 − 3 mm 2 /s vs. 1.107 × 10 − 3 mm 2 /s, p  < 0.001) than NMIBC. The best cut-off values for predicting muscular invasion were 0.334 for nADC and 0.985 × 10 − 3 mm 2 /s for ADC tumor value. The area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity of nADC (0.917, 89.3% and 83.0%) were higher than those of ADC tumor value (0.847, 75.0% and 77.4%), and the difference in AUC was statistically significant ( p  = 0.002). Conclusion The preoperative nADC and ADC tumor value are negatively correlated with muscular invasion in BC. The lower the nADC and ADC tumor value, the more likely the tumor invades muscle layer. NADC demonstrates superior diagnostic performance compared to ADC tumor value, providing more valuable preoperative assessment of BC invasiveness to guide personalized therapeutic decisions.