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In low-altitude complex environments, accurately reconstructing the three-dimensional (3D) flight trajectories of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) without onboard positioning modules remains challenging. To address this issue, this paper proposes a multi-view ground camera-based UAV 3D trajectory detection method founded on an optical imaging geometric model. Multiple ground cameras are used to synchronously observe UAV flight, enabling stable 3D trajectory reconstruction without relying on onboard Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). At the two-dimensional (2D) observation level, a lightweight object detection model is employed for rapid UAV detection. Foreground segmentation is further introduced to extract accurate UAV contours, and geometric centroids are computed to obtain precise image plane coordinates. At the 3D reconstruction stage, camera extrinsic parameters are estimated using a back intersection method with ground control points, and the UAV spatial position in the world coordinate system is recovered via multi-view forward intersection. Field experiments demonstrate that the proposed method achieves stable 3D trajectory reconstruction in real urban environments, with a median error of 4.93 m and a mean error of 5.83 m. The mean errors along the X, Y, and Z axes are 2.28 m, 4.58 m, and 1.09 m, respectively, confirming its effectiveness for low-cost UAV trajectory monitoring.

The magnetic stray field is an unavoidable consequence of magnetic multilayers, which may have a significant influence on the performance of spintronic devices. Based on Maxwell’s magnetostatics theory, here we numerically calculated the distributions of magnetic stray fields and self-demagnetizing fields in a series of patterned multilayer thin-film structures with either an in-plane or a perpendicularly magnetized ferromagnetic layer. The stray field above the ferromagnetic layer is inhomogeneous, showing the dramatic changes near the sample edge, but the uniformity in the center region could be improved with the increasing sample size. The stray field strength tends to zero for large samples, increases with the increase in the hard-layer thickness, and decreases with the increase in the distance D away from the ferromagnetic layer. In the multilayer samples, the separately simulated stray field and self-demagnetizing field within the soft layer agree well with the classic magnetostatic relationship of B=μ0(Hd+M). For the in-plane magnetized trilayer sample, the magnetic-flux density within the soft ferromagnetic layer slightly decreases in the antiparallel magnetization alignment and increases in the parallel alignment state with the increase in the intermediate non-magnetic-layer thickness. In contrast, for the sample with the perpendicular magnetization, the magnetic-flux density decreases as the non-magnetic layer is thickened for both the antiparallel and parallel state. This study may provide a theoretical basis for the design of thin-film spintronic devices.

Anthracnose is one of the most serious postharvest diseases that can manifest in mango. The mechanism and inhibitory effects of β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) on anthracnose in harvested mango fruit were investigated. The “Guifei” fruits were pretreated with different concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mmol/L BABA, with 0 mmol/L BABA as the control, and inoculated with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The results showed that 50 mmol/L BABA treatment significantly reduced the incidence of anthracnose and inhibited the growth of lesions in mango. It significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), while reducing the O2− production rate and H2O2 content. In addition, the DPPH radical scavenging capacity was enhanced, the content of disease-resistance-related compounds, including total phenols and total flavonoids, increased, and the expression levels of defense-related genes such as PAL, GLU, CHI, and PR1 were upregulated, elevating the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and pathogenesis-related proteins such as chitinase (CHI) and β-1,3-glucanase (GLU). In conclusion, BABA treatment significantly enhances mango fruit resistance to anthracnose via synergistically activating the antioxidant defense system, promoting the accumulation of disease-resistant compounds, and regulating defense-related gene expression. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for developing eco-friendly strategies to control postharvest diseases in mango.

Strategies to improve T cell therapy efficacy in solid tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are urgently needed. The common cytokine receptor γ chain (γ c ) family cytokines such as IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21 play fundamental roles in T cell development, differentiation and effector phases. This study aims to determine the combination effects of IL-21 in T cell therapy against HCC and investigate optimized strategies to utilize the effect of IL-21 signal in T cell therapy. The antitumor function of AFP-specific T cell receptor-engineered T cells (TCR-T) was augmented by exogenous IL-21 in vitro and in vivo. IL-21 enhanced proliferation capacity, promoted memory differentiation, downregulated PD-1 expression and alleviated apoptosis in TCR-T after activation. A novel engineered IL-21 receptor was established, and TCR-T armed with the novel engineered IL-21 receptors (IL-21R-TCR-T) showed upregulated phosphorylated STAT3 expression without exogenous IL-21 ligand. IL-21R-TCR-T showed better proliferation upon activation and superior antitumor function in vitro and in vivo. IL-21R-TCR-T exhibited a less differentiated, exhausted and apoptotic phenotype than conventional TCR-T upon repetitive tumor antigen stimulation. The novel IL-21 receptor in our study programs powerful TCR-T and can avoid side effects induced by IL-21 systemic utilization. The novel IL-21 receptor creates new opportunities for next-generation TCR-T against HCC.

Depression and anxiety have become increasingly prevalent across the globe. The rising need for treatment and the lack of clinicians has resulted in prolonged waiting times for patients to receive their first session. Responding to this gap, digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) have been found effective in treating depression and anxiety and are potentially promising pretreatments for patients who are awaiting face-to-face psychotherapy. Nevertheless, whether digital interventions effectively alleviate symptoms for patients on waiting lists for face-to-face psychotherapy remains unclear. This review aimed to synthesize the effectiveness of DMHIs for relieving depression and anxiety symptoms of patients on waiting lists for face-to-face therapy. This review also investigated the features, perceived credibility, and usability of DMHIs during waiting times. In this systematic review, we searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane, and Web of Science for research studies investigating the effectiveness of DMHIs in reducing either depression or anxiety symptoms among individuals waiting for face-to-face psychotherapy. The search was conducted in June 2024, and we have included the studies that met the inclusion criteria and were published before June 6, 2024. Of the 9267 unique records identified, 8 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review. Five studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and 3 studies were not. Among the RCTs, we found that digital interventions reduced depression and anxiety symptoms, but the majority of interventions were not more effective compared to the control groups where participants simply waited or received a self-help book. For the non-RCTs, the interventions also reduced symptoms, but without control groups, the interpretation of the findings is limited. Finally, participants in the included studies perceived the digital interventions to be credible and useful, but high dropout rates raised concerns about treatment adherence. Due to the lack of effective interventions among the reviewed studies, especially among the RCTs, our results suggest that waiting list DMHIs are not more effective compared to simply waiting or using a self-help book. However, more high-quality RCTs with larger sample sizes are warranted in order to draw a more robust conclusion. Additionally, as this review revealed concerns regarding the high dropout rate in digital interventions, future studies could perhaps adopt more personalized and human-centered functions in interventions to increase user engagement, with the potential to increase treatment adherence and effectiveness.

Background A major barrier to achieving a favorable outcome of chronic HBV infection is a dysregulated HBV-specific immune response resulting from immunosuppressive features of FOXP3 + T cells. A better definition of FOXP3 + T cells is essential for improving the prognosis of HBV infection. We aimed to investigate the role of CD4 + CXCR5 − FOXP3 + T cells with CTLA4 expression in patients with chronic HBV infection. Methods Treatment-naïve chronic HBV-infected patients, HBV-related hepatic failure, and a longitudinal cohort of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment were enrolled for analysis of CD4 + CXCR5 − FOXP3 + T cell responses by flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Results ScRNA-seq revealed that circulating CD4 + CXCR5 − FOXP3 + T cells presented distinct inhibitory features compared to spleen tissue. Meanwhile, patients with treatment-naïve chronic HBV infection or with HBV-related hepatic failure showed an upregulation of immune-suppressive features (PD-1, CTLA4, GITR) on CD4 + CXCR5 − FOXP3 + T cells; in vitro analysis found HBeAg and HBcAg stimulation induced elevated levels of inhibitory molecules. Notably, the frequency of CTLA4 + CD4 + CXCR5 − FOXP3 + T cells was positively correlated with HBV DNA levels, and longitudinal analysis demonstrated a high frequency of this subset at 12 weeks of antiviral treatment predicted unfavorable outcome in CHB patients. Conclusions CTLA4 + CD4 + CXCR5 − FOXP3 + T cells are related to unfavorable outcomes in HBV-infected patients; these data indicated that alleviating CTLA4 + CD4 + CXCR5 − FOXP3 + T cells may improve the prognosis of HBV infection.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/56650.].

Family is an important system that influences children’s social adjustment. Parents are an important member of the family system, and their parental child-rearing gender-role attitudes (PCGA) will have a significant impact on their children’s social adjustment. This study used a sampling method to compare the intergenerational differences between family members’ PCGA, identity with parents and social adjustment in single- and two-parent families through 931 single-parent families and 3732 two-parent families in Suzhou, China. The study explored the mediating role of children’s identity with parents on parents’ PCGA and children’s social adjustment in different family structures. The results showed that: (1) parents’ masculinity rearing, femininity rearing of PCGA and children’s social adjustment in two-parent families were significantly higher than those in single-parent families; (2) children’s identity with parents mediated the relationship between femininity rearing of parents’ PCGA and children’s social adjustment; (3) the mediated model of children’s identity with parents was found to be significantly different between single-parent and two-parent families.

Construction industry development transformation is one of the most important issues in China. Along with the improving construction industry development transformation, problems have increased and need to be solved. For effectively improving the construction industry development transformation, this paper studied the factors influencing mechanism of construction industry development transformation. Construction industry development transformation is influenced by many factors. Firstly, 10 significant influential factors were extracted and 25 observable variables were used. Secondly, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the relationship between construction industry development transformation and its influential factors. Then, SEM hypothesis based on the research on the factors influencing construction development transformation was constructed. Through empirical results and its analysis, the role of the basic production factors for construction cannot be ignored. The internal industry directly influenced the transformation in the construction. The external industry indirectly influenced construction transformation. And industrial demands stimulated the basic influencing factors.

The damage wrought by urban land subsidence increases as cities grow, engineering projects expand, and there is more human activity every year. This paper uses the complex networks method with graph neural network learning and regression models to investigate the spatial characteristics and influencing factors of land subsidence during the second phase of the construction of Shenzhen Metro Line 5 in 2019. The outcomes of the experiment reveal that (1) community testing of the settlement network produced nine settlement funnel ranges, and the largest central depth was - 24.52 mm/a; and (2) the graph attention network neural network divides the sensitivity of network nodes into three categories based on 15 different influencing factors. Comparison of the land subsidence funnels results reveals a considerable association between the occurrence of settlement during subway construction and both land vegetation and geological types. The study’s findings offer some scientific support for preventive and control measures for land subsidence management in urban design.