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"Wang, Yizhou"
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Self-directed online machine learning for topology optimization
Topology optimization by optimally distributing materials in a given domain requires non-gradient optimizers to solve highly complicated problems. However, with hundreds of design variables or more involved, solving such problems would require millions of Finite Element Method (FEM) calculations whose computational cost is huge and impractical. Here we report Self-directed Online Learning Optimization (SOLO) which integrates Deep Neural Network (DNN) with FEM calculations. A DNN learns and substitutes the objective as a function of design variables. A small number of training data is generated dynamically based on the DNN’s prediction of the optimum. The DNN adapts to the new training data and gives better prediction in the region of interest until convergence. The optimum predicted by the DNN is proved to converge to the true global optimum through iterations. Our algorithm was tested by four types of problems including compliance minimization, fluid-structure optimization, heat transfer enhancement and truss optimization. It reduced the computational time by 2 ~ 5 orders of magnitude compared with directly using heuristic methods, and outperformed all state-of-the-art algorithms tested in our experiments. This approach enables solving large multi-dimensional optimization problems.
Topology optimization, relevant for materials design and engineering, requires solving of challenging high-dimensional problems. The authors introduce a self-directed online learning approach, as embedding of deep learning in optimization methods, that accelerates the training and optimization processes.
Journal Article
التوجهات الجديدة للدبلوماسية الصينية : صين جديدة وعالم جديد
هذا الكتاب لا يناقش فقط مواضع النجاح في القضايا المتعلقة بالدبلوماسية الصينية؛ بل يكشف أيضًا المواضع المنتظر تحسينها ومواضع التقييد والمخاطر في هذه القضايا بالنسبة للصين كما يسعى هذا الكتاب إلى إبراز عدد من الرؤى الموضوعية ذات الصلة بالدبلوماسية الصينية ويشرح بالتفصيل كيف تتحول الصين من دولة تشاهد ما يحدث في العالم إلى دولة تشارك فى تغيير أوضاع العالم عبر دبلوماسيتها القادمة.
Book
Electrolyte Solvation Structure Design for Sodium Ion Batteries
Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are considered the most promising battery technology in the post‐lithium era due to the abundant sodium reserves. In the past two decades, exploring new electrolytes for SIBs has generally relied on the “solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)” theory to optimize the electrolyte components. However, many observed phenomena cannot be fully explained by the SEI theory. Therefore, electrolyte solvation structure and electrode–electrolyte interface behavior have recently received tremendous research interest to explain the improved performance. Considering there is currently no review paper focusing on the solvation structure of electrolytes in SIBs, a systematic survey on SIBs is provided, in which the specific solvation structure design guidelines and their consequent impact on the electrochemical performance are elucidated. The key driving force of solvation structure formation, and the recent advances in adjusting SIB solvation structures are discussed in detail. It is believed that this review can provide new insights into the electrolyte optimization strategies of high‐performance SIBs and even other emerging battery systems. This review focuses on the solvation structure of electrolytes in sodium ion batteries, elucidating the specific solvation structure design guidelines and their consequent impact on the electrochemical performance. The key driving force of solvation structure formation, and the recent advances in adjusting sodium ion battery solvation structures are discussed in detail.
Journal Article
Genome-wide identification and characterization of COMT gene family during the development of blueberry fruit
Background
Caffeic acid
O
-methyltransferases (
COMTs
) play an important role in the diversification of natural products, especially in the phenylalanine metabolic pathway of plant. The content of
COMT
genes in blueberry and relationship between their expression patterns and the lignin content during fruit development have not clearly investigated by now.
Results
Ninety-two
VcCOMTs
were identified in
Vaccinium corymbosum
. According to phylogenetic analyses, the 92
VcCOMTs
were divided into 2 groups. The gene structure and conserved motifs within groups were similar which supported the reliability of the phylogenetic structure groupings. Dispersed duplication (DSD) and whole-genome duplication (WGD) were determined to be the major forces in
VcCOMTs
evolution. The results showed that the results of qRT-PCR and lignin content for 22
VcCOMTs
,
VcCOMT40
and
VcCOMT92
were related to lignin content at different stages of fruit development of blueberry.
Conclusion
We identified
COMT
gene family in blueberry, and performed comparative analyses of the phylogenetic relationships in the 15 species of land plant, and gene duplication patterns of
COMT
genes in 5 of the 15 species. We found 2
VcCOMTs
were highly expressed and their relative contents were similar to the variation trend of lignin content during the development of blueberry fruit. These results provide a clue for further study on the roles of
VcCOMTs
in the development of blueberry fruit and could promisingly be foundations for breeding blueberry clutivals with higher fruit firmness and longer shelf life.
Journal Article
Alternative activation generates IL-10 producing type 2 innate lymphoid cells
Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) share cytokine and transcription factor expression with CD4
+
T
h
2 cells, but functional diversity of the ILC2 lineage has yet to be fully explored. Here, we show induction of a molecularly distinct subset of activated lung ILC2, termed ILC2
10
. These cells produce IL-10 and downregulate some pro-inflammatory genes. Signals that generate ILC2
10
are distinct from those that induce IL-13 production, and gene expression data indicate that an alternative activation pathway leads to the generation of ILC2
10
. In vivo, IL-2 enhances ILC2
10
generation and is associated with decreased eosinophil recruitment to the lung. Unlike most activated ILC2, the ILC2
10
population contracts after cessation of stimulation in vivo, with maintenance of a subset that can be recalled by restimulation, analogous to T-cell effector cell and memory cell generation. These data demonstrate the generation of a previously unappreciated IL-10 producing ILC2 effector cell population.
Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are thought to be a uniform population of effector cells that produce IL-5 and IL-13. Here, the authors shown that, in mice, IL-33 can alternatively activate these cells to generate a molecularly distinct IL-10-producing subset designated ILC2
10
.
Journal Article
High-performance van der Waals antiferroelectric CuCrP2S6-based memristors
Layered thio- and seleno-phosphate ferroelectrics, such as CuInP
2
S
6
, are promising building blocks for next-generation nonvolatile memory devices. However, because of the low Curie point, the CuInP
2
S
6
-based memory devices suffer from poor thermal stability (<42 °C). Here, exploiting the electric field-driven phase transition in the rarely studied antiferroelectric CuCrP
2
S
6
crystals, we develop a nonvolatile memristor showing a sizable resistive-switching ratio of ~ 1000, high switching endurance up to 20,000 cycles, low cycle-to-cycle variation, and robust thermal stability up to 120 °C. The resistive switching is attributed to the ferroelectric polarization-modulated thermal emission accompanied by the Fowler–Nordheim tunneling across the interfaces. First-principles calculations reveal that the good device performances are associated with the exceptionally strong ferroelectric polarization in CuCrP
2
S
6
crystal. Furthermore, the typical biological synaptic learning rules, such as long-term potentiation/depression and spike amplitude/spike time-dependent plasticity, are also demonstrated. The results highlight the great application potential of van der Waals antiferroelectrics in high-performance synaptic devices for neuromorphic computing.
Layered thio- and seleno-phosphate ferroelectrics show promise for next-generation memory but have thermal stability issues. Using the electric field-driven phase transition in antiferroelectric CuCrP2S6, the authors introduce a robust memristor, emphasizing the potential of van der Waals antiferroelectrics in advanced neuromorphic computing.
Journal Article
Subcellular trafficking and post-translational modification regulate PIN polarity in plants
Auxin regulates plant growth and tropism responses. As a phytohormone, auxin is transported between its synthesis sites and action sites. Most natural auxin moves between cells via a polar transport system that is mediated by PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin exporters. The asymmetrically localized PINs usually determine the directionality of intercellular auxin flow. Different internal cues and external stimuli modulate PIN polar distribution and activity at multiple levels, including transcription, protein stability, subcellular trafficking, and post-translational modification, and thereby regulate auxin-distribution-dependent development. Thus, the different regulation levels of PIN polarity constitute a complex network. For example, the post-translational modification of PINs can affect the subcellular trafficking of PINs. In this review, we focus on subcellular trafficking and post-translational modification of PINs to summarize recent progress in understanding PIN polarity.
Journal Article
Porous Metal Current Collectors for Alkali Metal Batteries
Alkali metals (i.e., Li, Na, and K) are promising anode materials for next‐generation high‐energy‐density batteries due to their superior theoretical specific capacities and low electrochemical potentials. However, the uneven current and ion distribution on the anode surface probably induces undesirable dendrite growth, which leads to significant safety hazards and severely hinders the commercialization of alkali metal anodes. A smart and versatile strategy that can accommodate alkali metals into porous metal current collectors (PMCCs) has been well established to resolve the issues as well as to promote the practical applications of alkali metal anodes. Moreover, the proposal of PMCCs can meet the requirement of the dendrite‐free battery fabrication industry, while the electrode material loading exactly needs the metal current collector component as well. Here, a systematic survey on advanced PMCCs for Li, Na, and K alkali metal anodes is presented, including their development timeline, categories, fabrication methods, and working mechanism. On this basis, some significant methodology advances to control pore structure, surface area, surface wettability, and mechanical properties are systematically summarized. Further, the existing issues and the development prospects of PMCCs to improve anode performance in alkali metal batteries are discussed. This review provides significant advances on porous metal current collectors (PMCCs) for alkali metal batteries, including their working mechanism, development timeline, categories, fabrication methods, together with some significant methodology advances on pore structure design. It furthermore presents perspectives for the challenges and opportunities for the fabrication and application of PMCCs.
Journal Article
Advancing (U-Th)/He zircon dating; novel approaches in sample preparation and uncertainty reduction
The laser microprobe (U-Th)/He dating method is a new and efficient technique that utilizes an interoperable and integrated suite of instruments, including the excimer laser system, quadrupole helium mass spectrometer, and quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. To demonstrate the applicability of this new method, we applied both the conventional and laser microprobe techniques to the Sri Lanka zircon (LGC-1). We obtained twenty-two (U-Th)/He ages on nine shards using the laser microprobe method, showing an average (U-Th)/He age of 471.1 ± 16.6 Ma (1σ). This result is generally consistent with the mean conventional age (484.1 ± 9.6 Ma) for twenty-two zircon fragments. Both are nearly equal to the age value (∼476 Ma) predicted by the He diffusion model and the thermal history model of Sri Lanka highland. The variations in the laser microprobe-derived ages are most likely caused by the uncertainties in volume measurements, which is also common in other studies. We used the Mahalanobis distance technique to reduce the volume measurement bias by identifying and eliminating abnormal data.
Journal Article