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Best‐effort service model of traditional routing is gradually hard to meet the personalized demands under the rapid development of network technologies (e.g. 5G and IPv6). Therefore, service customization should be considered. In this work, a service customized routing mechanism based on deep learning in IPv6 network is proposed, which includes deep learning‐based service customization module, reliability evaluation module, and routing calculation module. The first module uses neural network to learn the complex service customization function, which can quickly output win‐win customized service strategies based on user demands. The second module can quantify the reliability of service routing paths, where not only the link status of IPv6 Neighbor Unreachable Detection (NUD) is considered, but also propose link performance weights to ensure the reliability of differentiated service performance. The third module uses the gray wolf optimization algorithm to calculate an optimal routing path to forward services with the customized strategies as the constraints and the maximum reliability and minimum cost as the goal. Finally, the mechanism is tested on the IPv6 Source Address Validation Improvement (SAVI) platform, which can reduce the execution time by 12.25% and improve the average routing reliability, user and ISP satisfaction by 9.0%, 40.45% and 7.4%, respectively.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious neurological injury that causes severe trauma to motor and sensory functions. Although long considered incurable, recent research has brought new hope for functional recovery from SCI. After SCI, astrocytes are activated into many polarization states. Here we discuss the two most important classical phenotypes: the ‘A1’ neurotoxic phenotype and the ‘A2’ neuroprotective phenotype, with A1 astrocytes being neurotoxic and impeding neurorecovery, and A2 astrocytes being neuroprotective. This paper discusses the changes in astrocyte responsiveness after SCI and the pros and cons of their polarization in SCI. It also elucidates the feasibility of astrocyte polarization as a therapeutic target for neuroprotection. In the future, multiple intervention strategies targeting astrocyte polarization are expected to gain wider clinical application, ultimately improving motor-sensory function and quality of life in SCI patients.

Rice false smut, caused by the ascomycete Ustilaginoidea virens, is a serious disease of rice worldwide. Conidia are very important infectious propagules of U. virens, but the ability of pathogenic isolates to produce conidia frequently decreases in culture, which influences pathogenicity testing. Here, we developed tissue media with rice leaves or panicles that stimulate conidiation of U. virens. Among the tested media, 0.10 g/ml panicle medium was most efficient for conidiation. Whereas, some rice leaf media more effectively increased conidiation than panicle media except 0.10 g/ml panicle medium, and certain non-filtered tissue media were better than their filtered counterparts. Although the conidia induced in rice tissue media were smaller, they were able to germinate on potato sucrose agar medium and infect rice normally. The rice tissue medium is also workable in inducing conidia for conidiation-defective isolates. This method provides a foundation for the production of conidia by U. virens that will be widely applicable in pathogenicity testing as well as in genetic analyses for false smut resistance in rice cultivars.

Tartary buckwheat hulls, a phenolic-rich by-product of buckwheat processing, offer great potential for resource utilization. In this study, ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction with two temperatures (40 °C and 50 °C) was employed to obtain phenolics from Tartary buckwheat hulls. Compared with the traditional extraction method (207 mg/100 g), ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction increased the total phenolic yield by 91.3% at 50 °C. Numerical simulations based on Fick’s law indicated that enzyme pretreatment concentration positively correlated with the effective diffusion coefficient (De), which increased from 9.15 × 10−7 to 2.00 × 10−6 m2/s at 40 °C. Meanwhile, the neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) successfully predicted the extraction yield under various ultrasonic conditions (R2 > 0.98). Regarding quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds in extracts, the results revealed that catechins and epicatechins were the most abundant in Tartary buckwheat hull. Additionally, phenolic acids rapidly diffused at higher temperatures (50 °C), and flavonoids were highly sensitive to temperature and enzyme synergy. Phenolic extracts exhibit significant potential for value-added applications in food processing, particularly in improving antioxidative stability, prolonging shelf life. This study provides a theoretical basis for green, efficient phenolic extraction from plant residues.

Micro-nano robots have emerged as a promising research field with vast potential applications in biomedicine. The motor is the key component of micro-nano robot research, and the design of the motor is crucial. Among the most commonly used motors are those derived from living cells such as bacteria with flagella, sperm, and algal cells. Additionally, scientists have developed numerous self-adaptive biomimetic motors with biological functions, primarily cell membrane functionalized micromotors. This novel type of motor exhibits remarkable performance in complex media. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the structure and performance of micro-nano robots that utilize living cells and functionalized biological cell membranes. We also discuss potential practical applications of these mirco-nano robots as well as potential challenges that may arise in future development.

WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are reported to play crucial roles in the processes of plant growth and development, defense regulation and stress responses. In this study, a WRKY group IId TF, designated ZmWRKY58, was isolated from maize (Zea mays L.). Expression pattern analysis revealed that ZmWRKY58 was induced by drought, salt and abscisic acid treatments. Subcellular localization experiments in onion epidermal cells showed the presence of ZmWRKY58 in the nucleus. Overexpression of ZmWRKY58 in rice resulted in delayed germination and inhibited post-germination development. Further investigation showed that ZmWRKY58 overexpressing transgenic plants had higher survival rates and relative water contents, but lower malonaldehyde contents and relative electrical leakage compared with wild-type plants, following drought and salt stress treatments, suggesting that overexpression of ZmWRKY58 leads to enhanced tolerance to drought and salt stresses in transgenic rice. Additionally, yeast two-hybrid assay showed that ZmWRKY58 could interact with ZmCaM2, suggesting that ZmWRKY58 may function as a calmodulin binding protein. Taken together, these results suggest that ZmWRKY58 may act as a positive regulator involved in the drought and salt stress responses.

The balance among different CD4+ T cell subsets is crucial for repairing the injured spinal cord. Dendritic cell (DC)‐derived small extracellular vesicles (DsEVs) effectively activate T‐cell immunity. Altered peptide ligands (APLs), derived from myelin basic protein (MBP), have been shown to affect CD4+ T cell subsets and reduce neuroinflammation levels. However, the application of APLs is challenging because of their poor stability and associated side effects. Herein, it is demonstrate that DsEVs can act as carriers for APL MBP87‐99A91 (A91‐DsEVs) to induce the activation of 2 helper T (Th2) and regulatory T (Treg) cells for spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice. These stimulated CD4+ T cells can efficiently “home” to the lesion area and establish a beneficial microenvironment through inducing the activation of M2 macrophages/microglia, inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and increasing the release of neurotrophic factors. The microenvironment mediated by A91‐DsEVs may enhance axon regrowth, protect neurons, and promote remyelination, which may support the recovery of motor function in the SCI model mice. In conclusion, using A91‐DsEVs as a therapeutic vaccine may help induce neuroprotective immunity in the treatment of SCI. This study uses Dendritic cell‐derived small extracellular vesicles (DsEVs) loaded with APL MBP87‐99A91 (A91‐DsEVs). A91‐DsEVs promotes activation of Th2 and Treg cells, which can home to the injured spinal cord and induce neuroprotective immunity. The treatment with A91‐DsEVs can enhance axon regrowth, neuronal survival, and remyelination, which may support the functional motor recovery in the SCI model mice.

Based on radial tree growth measurements in nine plots of area 625 m2 (369 trees in total) and climate data, we explored the possibly changing effects of climate on regional tree growth in the temperate continental semi-arid mountain forests in the Tianshan Mountains in northwest China during 1933-2005. Tree growth in our study region is generally limited by the soil water content of pre- and early growing season (February-July). Remarkably, moving correlation functions identified a clear temporal change in the relationship between tree growth and mean April temperature. Tree growth showed a significant (p < 0.05) and negative relationship to mean April temperature since approximately the beginning of the 1970s, which indicated that the semi-arid mountain forests are suffering a prolonged growth limitation in recent years accompanying spring warming. This prolonged limitation of tree growth was attributed to the effects of soil water limitation in early spring (March-April) caused by the rapid spring warming. Warming-induced prolonged drought stress contributes, to a large part, to the marked reduction of regional basal area increment (BAI) in recent years and a much slower growth rate in young trees. Our results highlight that the increasing water limitation induced by spring warming on tree growth most likely aggravated the marked reduction in tree growth. This work provides a better understanding of the effects of spring warming on tree growth in temperate continental semi-arid forests.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217667.].

Multiple varieties of flaxseeds have been identified in the world, yet the relationship between these varieties, their agronomic traits, and their seeds’ quality remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the level of lignan, vitamins and carotenoids in 40 selected flaxseed varieties, and the relationship between varieties, agronomic traits, and seed quality was investigated. In this study, notably, fiber flax variety No. 225 exhibited the highest lignan content among all tested seeds. Additionally, oil variety No. 167 demonstrated the highest level of α-tocotrienol (α-T3), β-tocopherol (β-T), γ-tocotrienol (γ-T3), and β-carotene (β-Car.). Conversely, intermediate flax variety No. 16 displayed the highest content of α-tocopherol (α-T), but lowest content of lutein (Lut.), zeaxanthin (Zea.), β-carotene (β-Car.), and total carotenoids (Total Car.). Furthermore, a correlation was observed between petal color with the lignan, while a strong correlation has been explored in seed yield, seed type, plant natural height, and fiber content in straw. Nevertheless, further investigation is required to elucidate the internal relationship between varieties with compositions.