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Background Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease of vascular remodeling characterized by persistent pulmonary arterial pressure elevation, which can lead to right heart failure and premature death. Given the complex pathogenesis and poor prognosis of PAH, the identification and investigation of biomarkers become increasingly critical for advancing further understanding of the disease. Methods PAH-related datasets, GSE49114, GSE180169 and GSE154959, were downloaded from the publicly available GEO database. By performing WGCNA on the GSE49114 dataset, a total of 906 PAH-related key module genes were screened out. By carrying out differential analysis on the GSE180169 dataset, a total of 576 differentially expressed genes were identified. Additionally, the GSE154959 single-cell sequencing dataset was also subjected to differential analysis, leading to the identification of 34 DEGs within endothelial cells. By taking intersection of the above three groups of DEGs, five PAH-related hub genes were screened out, namely Plvap, Cyp4b1, Foxf1, H2-Ab1, and H2-Eb1, among which H2-Ab1 was selected for subsequent experiments. Results A SuHx mouse model was prepared using the SU5416/hypoxia method, and the successful construction of the model was evaluated through Hematoxylin-Eosin staining, hemodynamic detection, fulton index, and Western Blot (WB). The results of WB and qRT-PCR demonstrated a significant upregulation of H2-Ab1 expression in SuHx mice. Consistent with the results of bioinformatics analysis, a time-dependent increase was observed in H2-Ab1 expression in hypoxia-treated mouse pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs). To investigate whether H2-Ab1 affects the development and progression of PAH, we knocked down H2-Ab1 expression in PAECs, and found that its knockdown inhibited the viability, adhesion, migration, and angiogenesis, while concurrently promoted the apoptosis of PAECs. Conclusion H2-Ab1 could regulate the proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, migration, and angiogenesis of PAECs.

GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) altimetry has been widely used for retrieving surface elevation over oceans, cryosphere, and land. Recently, UAV-borne GNSS-R systems have gained attention due to their flexibility for low-altitude and localized observations. However, lightweight UAV platforms impose strict payload and real-time processing constraints. At low altitudes, the small geometric delay between direct and reflected signals often leads to waveform overlap, degrading conventional altimetry algorithms. In this study, a lightweight UAV-borne GNSS-R receiver and a signal-separation-based altimetry method are proposed. Direct and reflected signals are separated using waveform characteristics without relying on external height information, mitigating the impact of waveform overlap. Simulations and experiments using a SPIRENT 9000 GNSS simulator demonstrate stable height retrieval under dynamic low-altitude conditions while maintaining real-time capability, confirming the feasibility of lightweight UAV GNSS-R altimetry for rapid elevation monitoring.

An evaporation duct is a kind of atmospheric event with a refractive index exceeding the curvature of the Earth, which mostly exists on the ocean surface. Evaporation ducts have a great influence on radar, such as causing blind zones or achieving over-the-horizon detection. However, there is a lack of effective technology for evaporation duct detection, especially for passive methods. Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) has demonstrated potential in various remote sensing applications. However, its utilization for evaporation duct retrieval has not yet been successfully achieved. This study investigates the impact of evaporation ducts on GNSS-R delay maps (DMs), demonstrating that they elevate the non-specular point region, with the extent of this rising zone correlating with the evaporation duct height (EDH). Through semi-physical simulation, the rise signal is modeled. During a four-day experiment, GPS-R DMs with obvious features of evaporation ducts were repeatedly observed. Additionally, this study attempts to find the maximum code delay in the experimental data. The EDH is retrieved using the maximum code delay and GPS elevation angle, exhibiting a 4 m error relative to the reference model under the condition that all effective waveforms are successfully received. The results demonstrate that the GNSS-R offers a promising passive method for evaporation duct detection.

Stereoscopic display technology plays a significant role in industries, such as film, television and autonomous driving. The accuracy of depth estimation is crucial for achieving high-quality and realistic stereoscopic display effects. In addressing the inherent challenges of applying Transformers to depth estimation, the Stereoscopic Pyramid Transformer-Depth (SPT-Depth) is introduced. This method utilizes stepwise downsampling to acquire both shallow and deep semantic information, which are subsequently fused. The training process is divided into fine and coarse convergence stages, employing distinct training strategies and hyperparameters, resulting in a substantial reduction in both training and validation losses. In the training strategy, a shift and scale-invariant mean square error function is employed to compensate for the lack of translational invariance in the Transformers. Additionally, an edge-smoothing function is applied to reduce noise in the depth map, enhancing the model's robustness. The SPT-Depth achieves a global receptive field while effectively reducing time complexity. In comparison with the baseline method, with the New York University Depth V2 (NYU Depth V2) dataset, there is a 10% reduction in Absolute Relative Error (Abs Rel) and a 36% decrease in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). When compared with the state-of-the-art methods, there is a 17% reduction in RMSE.

The vigorous development of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) has led to a boom in GNSS radio occultation (GNSS RO) and GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) techniques. Consequently, we have proposed an innovative signal processing scheme for spaceborne integrated GNSS remote sensors (SIGRS), combining a GNSS RO and a GNSS-R module. In the SIGRS, the GNSS-R module shares one precise orbit determination (POD) module with the GNSS RO module, and the GNSS-R module first achieves compatibility with GPS, BDS, and Galileo. Moreover, the programmable non-uniform delay resolution was introduced and first used by the SIGRS to generate the output DDM, which achieves a high delay resolution in the DDM central region around the specular point to improve the accuracy of basic observables but requires fewer delay bins than the conventional DDM with uniform delay resolution. The SIGRS has been successfully used to design the GNOS II onboard the Chinese FY-3E satellite, and the results of in-orbit operation validate the performance of the SIGRS, which means the SIGRS is an economically and technically efficient design and has become the first successful signal processing scheme for spaceborne integrated GNSS remote sensors around the world.

The global incidence of cancer remains persistently high, with associated mortality rates remaining elevated owing to the challenges of early diagnosis and propensity for metastasis. The immunosuppressive “cold tumor” within the tumor microenvironment (TME), characterized by hypoxia, metabolic abnormalities, and immunosuppressive cellular infiltration, represents a key factor in treatment resistance and the failure of immunotherapies. Existing therapeutic approaches exhibit significant limitations that hinder curative outcomes. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) frequently carry pro-cancer biomolecules, rendering single-exosome targeting strategies insufficient to reverse TME-mediated immunosuppression. Concurrently, danger signaling molecules released during immunogenic cell death (ICD) are readily neutralized by the immunosuppressive TME, resulting in inadequate and transient anti-tumor immune responses. Recent studies indicate that the TME, exosomes, and ICD do not function as isolated entities but rather constitute an interlinked signaling network. The TME modulates exosome biogenesis and release through hypoxic and inflammatory microenvironments while simultaneously attenuating the effects of ICD, thereby promoting immune evasion. Exosomes play a dual role in intercellular communication: TEXs amplify immunosuppressive signals, whereas engineered exosomes can deliver ICD inducers or immunomodulatory factors to reshape the immune state of the TME. ICD attempts to reverse TME suppression by releasing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs); however, its effects require exosome-mediated long-range signal amplification and matrix penetration. Co-targeting the TME-exosome-ICD axis provides a mechanistic framework for enhancing the immunotherapy response by boosting DAMPs presentation, promoting antigen release, and facilitating immune cell infiltration. This approach also establishes a novel paradigm for reversing immunologically “cold” tumors towards an immunologically activated phenotype.

Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been related to the pathogenesis of variety categories of cancers. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the association between MetS and the incidence of lung cancer. Methods Relevant cohort studies were identified by search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane’s Library databases. Cochrane’s Q test and I 2 statistic were used to analyze the heterogeneity. Random-effect model which incorporates the potential heterogeneity was used for the meta-analysis. Results Five cohort studies with 188,970 participants were included. A total of 1,295 lung cancer cases occurred during follow-up. Meta-analyses showed that neither MetS defined by the revised NCEP-ATP III criteria (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.84 to 1.05, p = 0.25; I 2  = 0) nor the IDF criteria (HR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.61 to 1.11, p = 0.20; I 2  = 0) was associated with an affected risk of lung cancer. Subgroup analyses showed consistent results in women and in men, in studies performed in Asian and non-Asian countries, and in prospective and retrospective cohorts (p all > 0.05). Meta-analysis limited to studies with the adjustment of smoking status also showed similar results (HR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.80 to 1.05, p = 0.21; I 2  = 0). No publication bias was detected based on the Egger regression test (p = 0.32). Conclusions Current evidence from cohort studies does not support that MetS is an independent risk factor for the incidence of lung cancer.

In this study, the design optimization and sound field control of frequency conversion ultrasonic extraction equipment were carried out. Based on theoretical analysis, PZT-4 piezoelectric ceramic is selected as the transducer material, and the device model is constructed by combining it with other structural materials. The sound field is optimized by the asymmetric arrangement of six transducers. The optimal operating frequencies are 27.2 kHz, 37.5 kHz, 60.5 kHz and 82.8 kHz, and it is found that the maximum sound pressure is the best when the liquid level is about 222 mm. The research results provide theoretical support for equipment development and optimization, and promote its application in practical production.

Voriconazole is a first‐line medicine for treating invasive fungal infections. We evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of single/multiple doses of voriconazole injection of Hailing Pharmaceutical Group (Test, T), an imitation of Vfend® (Reference, R). Healthy subjects (n = 36) randomly received a once‐daily dose of T or R 3 or 4 mg/kg on Day 1 (single dose), a once‐daily dose of T or R 6 mg/kg on Day 4, and then six consecutive days for twice‐daily doses of T or R 3 or 4 mg/kg (multiple doses). The plasma was collected up to 72 h at time points after dosing on Day 1/10. Samples were measured by the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. PK parameters were confirmed according to a non‐compartmental model. The relationship between the PK profiles of T and R revealed the different behavior in 3‐ and 4‐mg/kg groups. After single/multiple doses in the 3‐mg/kg group, the mean value for the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0−t, AUC0−∞) of R is about twice T. However, there was a high degree of similarity in the 4‐mg/kg group. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of T and R showed no noticeable difference in the two groups. The median Tmax of T and R were within 2.0–2.13 h in the 3‐mg/kg group and 2.0–2.17 h in the 4‐mg/kg group. Severe adverse events did not occur. No clinically significant differences were found in safety and tolerance between T and R. This clinical study indicated that voriconazole injection might provide a safer alternative medicine. Voriconazole injection of Hailing Pharmaceutical Group has achieved a breakthrough in improving the solubility of voriconazole with different excipients for the first time in China. We evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of single/multiple doses of voriconazole injection of Hailing Pharmaceutical Group (Test, T), a biosimilar to Vfend® (Refence, R). No clinically meaningful differences were found in safety and tolerance between T and R.

Objective Acute pancreatitis is a critical condition in the intensive care unit (ICU), often complicated by systemic issues, which may benefit from heparin therapy due to its anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant properties. However, the optimal duration of heparin therapy remained unclear. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the association between heparin therapy duration and mortality outcomes in patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. Method This retrospective study utilized data from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC-IV) and eICU Collaborative Research Database (eICU-CRD), including 1705 patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis between 2008 and 2019. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) were employed to analyze the non-linear relationship between heparin therapy duration and 30-day and 90-day mortality. Patients were categorized into four groups based on quartiles: < 4 days, 4–7 days, 8–14 days, and > 14 days, using characteristics identified in the RCS curves, with 4–7 days as the reference. Cox multivariate regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis assessed the association between these groups and mortality, with 30-day mortality as the primary outcome and 90-day mortality as the secondary outcome. Result The relationship between heparin therapy duration and mortality at 30 and 90 days in patients with acute pancreatitis exhibited a J-shaped curve, with the lowest mortality observed around 7 days for both 30-day and 90-day mortality. Heparin therapy durations less than 4 days were significantly associated with higher 30-day mortality (HR: 2.57, 95% CI: 1.53–4.30) and increased 90-day mortality (HR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.07–2.32), with mortality stabilizing beyond 7 days of therapy. Subgroup analysis stratified by severity consistently supported these findings. Conclusion In critically ill patients with acute pancreatitis, heparin therapy lasting less than 4 days was associated with increased 30-day and 90-day mortality, whereas the lowest mortality was observed among patients receiving heparin therapy for approximately 7 days.