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Early-onset androgenetic alopecia (AGA) has been associated with various chronic conditions, including metabolic syndrome (MetS). Gaining a deep understanding of early-onset AGA may enable earlier intervention in individuals at high risks. This scoping review aims to explore the risk factors and etiology, associated conditions, and adverse effects on wellbeing in early-onset AGA. Electronic literature searches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRIAL. Eligible studies included case-control, cohort, cross-sectional, and meta-analysis studies. Selected studies needed to clearly define early-onset AGA cases or include only cases starting before the age of 40 and compare them with appropriate controls. The exclusion criteria comprised editorials, commentaries, case series, and non-systematic reviews, among others. Data extraction involved collecting study characteristics, methodologies, main outcomes, and findings. Descriptive tables were used to summarize key information and relevant variables when necessary. Among the 65 eligible articles, 67.69% were case-control studies and 78.46% evaluated only male patients. \"Early-onset\" was defined as cases developing before the age of 30 years in 43.08% of the studies. The Hamilton-Norwood scale was the most frequently used method for evaluating the severity of alopecia in men (69.23%). Reported risk factors for early-onset AGA included a family history of AGA, cigarette smoking, unhealthy dietary habits, and a high body mass index. Early-onset AGA may also be associated with hormonal profiles, 5α-reductase enzyme activity, androgen receptor genes, and some susceptibility loci. Comorbidities investigated included MetS, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and Parkinson's disease. Men with early-onset AGA may have reduced treatment efficacy with drug like rosuvastatin, metformin or lisinopril for dyslipidemia, prediabetes, or hypertension. Additionally, young men with AGA tended to suffer from psychological issues such as anxiety and low self-esteem compared to those without hair loss. Early-onset AGA is a complex condition with various risk factors and etiology, associated comorbidities, and potential implications for treatment response and psychological health.

Osteoblast apoptosis plays an important role in age-related bone loss and osteoporosis. Our previous study revealed that advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) could induce nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cause mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) depolarization, trigger the mitochondria-dependent intrinsic apoptosis pathway, and lead to osteoblast apoptosis and ultimately osteopenia and bone microstructural destruction. In this study, we found that AOPPs also induced mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) generation in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, which was closely related to NOX-derived ROS, and aggravated the oxidative stress condition, thereby further promoting apoptosis. Removing excessive ROS and damaged mitochondria is the key factor in reversing AOPP-induced apoptosis. Here, by in vitro studies, we showed that rapamycin further activated PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in AOPP-stimulated MC3T3-E1 cells and significantly alleviated AOPP-induced cell apoptosis by eliminating ROS and damaged mitochondria. Our in vivo studies revealed that PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy could decrease the plasma AOPP concentration and inhibit AOPP-induced osteoblast apoptosis, thus ameliorating AOPP accumulation-related bone loss, bone microstructural destruction and bone mineral density (BMD) loss. Together, our study indicated that therapeutic strategies aimed at upregulating osteoblast mitophagy and preserving mitochondrial function might have potential for treating age-related osteoporosis.

Primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) is a kidney-specific autoimmune glomerular disease, M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R1) is the target antigen. However, the level of PLA2R1 in PMN patients serum remains unclear. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure PLA2R1, aiming to clarify the diagnostic value and potential clinical significance of PLA2R1 in PMN patients. A total of 115 PMN patients and 35 healthy controls (HCs) from Peking University Third Hospital were enrolled in this study. Spearman correlation, multivariable logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used for analysis. The PLA2R1 level were significantly higher in PMN patients 67.69 (33.19, 115.14) ng/mL compared to HCs 39.08 (24.74, 50.26) ng/mL (  < 0.001). The ROC analyses revealed that the area under the curve (AUC) of the PLA2R1 level is 0.723 (95% CI: 0.640-0.806) for distinguish PMN patients and HCs, and 0.620 (95% CI: 0.515-0.727) for distinguish PLA2R1-Ab positive and negative PMN patients. Moreover, compared to patients in the PLA2R1 low-level group (PLA2R < 67.69 ng/mL,  = 57), patients in the PLA2R1 high-level group (PLA2R1 ≥ 67.69 ng/mL,  = 58) had a significantly higher level of 24 h urine protein (  = 0.006), serum creatinine (Scr) (  = 0.004), and serum uric acid (SUA) (  = 0.009). Compared to PLA2R1 or PLA2R1-Ab alone, Log (PLA2R1 × PLA2R1-Ab) showed a stronger positively correlation with 24 h urine protein (  = 0.508,  < 0.001), Scr (  = 0.325,  < 0.001), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (  = 0.252,  = 0.007). Logistic regression analysis suggested that Log (PLA2R1 × PLA2R1-Ab) is an independent related factor for high-level of proteinuria in PMN patients.

Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) are appealing cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries because of their low material cost, facile synthesis methods, rigid open framework, and high theoretical capacity. However, the poor electrical conductivity, unavoidable presence of [Fe(CN)6] vacancies and crystalline water within the framework, and phase transition during charge–discharge result in inferior electrochemical performance, particularly in terms of rate capability and cycling stability. Here, cobalt-free PBAs are synthesized using a facile and economic co-precipitation method at room temperature, and their sodium-ion storage performance is boosted due to the reduced crystalline water content and improved electrical conductivity via the high-entropy and component stoichiometry tuning strategies, leading to enhanced initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE), specific capacity, cycling stability, and rate capability. The optimized HE-HCF of Fe0.60Mn0.10-hexacyanoferrate (referred to as Fe0.60Mn0.10-HCF), with the chemical formula Na1.156Fe0.599Mn0.095Ni0.092Cu0.109Zn0.105 [Fe(CN)6]0.724·3.11H2O, displays the most appealing electrochemical performance of an ICE of 100%, a specific capacity of around 115 and 90 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 and 1.0 A·g−1, with 66.7% capacity retention observed after 1000 cycles and around 61.4% capacity retention with a 40-fold increase in specific current. We expect that our findings could provide reference strategies for the design of SIB cathode materials with superior electrochemical performance.

Endoparasitic wasps produce several factors, such as polydnavirus, venom and a specialized group of wasp embryonic cells named teratocytes, to condition their hosts and support the development of parasitoid offspring. However, the role of the developing parasitoid larvae in host adaption and regulation remains largely unknown. By analyzing RNA-seq data of Cotesia vestalis , an endolarval parasitoid of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella , we discovered that most of the larval stage highly expressed genes are associated with nutrient metabolism, including carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. We also identified hundreds of C. vestalis larvae-secreted proteins. A large proportion of the secreted proteins (126/404) are encoded by larval highly expressed genes. Besides several immune-related proteins, most of the secreted proteins are closely related to carbohydrate, protein, and amino acid metabolism. We further demonstrated that eleven genes linked to amino acid metabolism that encode secretory proteins were upregulated in 2nd instar larvae. These results suggest a relatively positive correlation between gene expression and secreted proteins. In summary, our study presents the secretory proteome of an endolarval parasitoid, highlighting its potential function in nutritional and immune regulation within the host, which would benefit the growth and development of parasitoid progeny.

The endosymbiont Wolbachia can both benefit host nutrition and manipulate host reproduction to its own advantage. However, the mechanisms of its nutritional benefits remain unclear. We show that Wolbachia enhances ovarian development in the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus by boosting energy production. Wolbachia -infected females have increased fecundity, accelerated ovarian development, and prolonged oviposition. Enhanced activity of mitochondrial complex I is linked to increased ATP production and the expression of energy metabolism-related genes. We further identify that Wolbachia -synthesized riboflavin is crucial for ATP production and ovarian development. A riboflavin transporter, slc52a3a , positively correlates with Wolbachia density and is required for normal ovarian maturation. Our findings demonstrate that Wolbachia -produced riboflavin drives energy production and accelerates ovarian maturation, thus improving host fecundity. This research reveals insights into symbiont-host metabolic interactions and underscores the role of nutrient delivery in symbiosis. Wolbachia affects host reproduction and nutrition, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study suggests Wolbachia enhances ovarian development in Laodelphax striatellus via riboflavin synthesis, driving ATP production and ovarian maturation.

Background In recent years, the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index has emerged as a reliable surrogate marker of insulin resistance (IR). This study aimed to investigate the association between the TyG index and severe proteinuria or decreased renal function in patients with primary membranous nephropathy (PMN). Methods We consecutively enrolled 536 patients with PMN hospitalized at Peking University Third Hospital from January, 2014 to December, 2023. The TyG index was calculated as Ln[fasting triglyceride (mg/dL)×fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)/2]. All participants were categorized into quantiles according to the TyG index. Severe proteinuria was defined as 24 h urine protein > 3.5 g/d, and decreased renal function was defined as the estimated glomerular filtration rate < 90 mL/min/1.73m 2 . Multivariable logistic regression, restricted cubic spline (RCS) curves, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used for analysis. Results Among 536 patients with PMN, 355 patients had severe proteinuria and 149 patients had decreased renal function. The levels of TyG index was significantly elevated in PMN patients with severe proteinuria or decreased renal function. The RCS analysis revealed a positive linear relationship of the TyG index with the risk of severe proteinuria ( P for non-linear = 0.317) or decreased renal function ( P for non-linear = 0.199) in patients with PMN. Using the lowest quantile as the reference, multivariate-adjusted logistic regression indicated that patients in the highest quantile of the TyG index had a significantly increased risk of severe proteinuria [odds ratio (OR) = 2.08, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.44–3.01, P  < 0.001] and decreased renal function (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.04–2.36, P  = 0.032). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the TyG index is 0.613 (95% CI: 0.564–0.662) for severe proteinuria and 0.590 (95% CI: 0.536–0.643) for decreased renal function. Conclusion Our findings indicated that the TyG index has a positive linear correlation with severe proteinuria or decreased renal function in patients with PMN.

Background In the surgical treatment of breast cancer, the goal of surgeons is to continually create and improve minimally invasive surgical techniques to increase patients’ quality of life. Currently, routine breast-conserving surgery is often performed using two obvious incisions. Here, we compare the clinical efficacy and aesthetic outcomes of a novel technique using one incision, called ‘single-port insufflation endoscopic breast-conserving surgery’ (SIE-BCS), vs. conventional breast-conserving surgery (C-BCS) in patients with early-stage breast cancer. Methods A total of 180 patients with stage I or stage II breast cancer participated in this study, of whom 63 underwent SIE-BCS and 117 underwent C-BCS. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the risk of local recurrence and metastasis. Aesthetic outcomes were evaluated using the BREAST-Q scale. Results The mean operation time was significantly longer for SIE-BCS (194.9 ± 71.5 min) than for C-BCS (140.3 ± 56.9 min), but the mean incision length was significantly shorter for SIE-BCS than for C-BCS (3.4 ± 1.2 cm vs. 8.6 ± 2.3 cm). While both surgeries yielded similar BREAST-Q ratings for satisfaction with breasts and sexual well-being, SIE-BCS was associated with significantly better ratings for physical well-being (chest area) and psychological well-being. Additionally, SIE-BCS was associated with decreased rates of adverse effects of radiation. The preliminary analysis showed that SIE-BCS did not increase the risk of local recurrence or metastasis. Conclusion The novel single-port insufflation endoscopic assisted BCS technique is feasible, safe, and improves patients’ postoperative comfort and psychological well-being, as compared to the conventional technique.

Rumination is closely linked to the onset and maintenance of major depressive disorder (MDD). Prior neuroimaging studies have identified the association between self‐reported rumination trait and the functional coupling among a network of brain regions using resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, little is known about the underlying neural circuitry mechanism during active rumination in MDD. Degree centrality (DC) is a simple metric to denote network integration, which is critical for higher‐order psychological processes such as rumination. During an MRI scan, individuals with MDD ( N  = 45) and healthy controls (HC, N  = 46) completed a rumination state task. We examined the interaction effect between the group (MDD vs. HC) and condition (rumination vs. distraction) on vertex‐wise DC. We further characterized the identified brain region's functional involvement with Neurosynth and BrainMap. Network‐wise seed‐based functional connectivity (FC) analysis was also conducted for the identified region of interest. Finally, exploratory correlation analysis was conducted between the identified region of interest's network FCs and self‐reported in‐scanner affect levels. We found that a left superior frontal gyrus (SFG) region, generally overlapped with the frontal eye field, showed a significant interaction effect. Further analysis revealed its involvement with executive functions. FCs between this region, the frontoparietal, and the dorsal attention network (DAN) also showed significant interaction effects. Furthermore, its FC to DAN during distraction showed a marginally significant negative association with in‐scanner affect level at the baseline. Our results implicated an essential role of the left SFG in the rumination's underlying neural circuitry mechanism in MDD and provided novel evidence for the conceptualization of rumination in terms of impaired executive control.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like cytokine 1A (TL1A), a member of the TNF family, exists in the form of membrane-bound (mTL1A) and soluble protein (sTL1A). TL1A binding its only known functional receptor death domain receptor 3 (DR3) affects the transmission of various signals. This study first proposed that the TL1A/DR3 axis was significantly upregulated in patients and mice with both asthma and high TNF-a expression and in TNF-a-stimulated epithelial Beas-2B cells. Two independent approaches were used to demonstrate that the TL1A/DR3 axis of mice was strongly correlated with TNF-a in terms of exacerbating asthmatic epithelial–mesenchymal transformation (EMT). First, high expression levels of EMT proteins (e.g., collagen I, fibronectin, N-cadherin, and vimentin) and TL1A/DR3 axis were observed when mice airways were stimulated by recombinant mouse TNF-a protein. Moreover, EMT protein and TL1A/DR3 axis expression synchronously decreased after mice with OVA-induced asthma were treated with infliximab by neutralizing TNF-a activity. Furthermore, the OVA-induced EMT of asthmatic mice was remarkably improved upon the deletion of the TL1A/DR3 axis by knocking out the TL1A gene. TL1A siRNA remarkably intervened EMT formation induced by TNF-a in the Beas-2B cells. In addition, EMT was induced by the addition of high concentrations of recombinant human sTL1A with the cell medium. The TL1A overexpression via pc-mTL1A in vitro remarkably increased the EMT formation induced by TNF-a. Overall, these findings indicate that the TL1A/DR3 axis may have a therapeutic role for asthmatic with high TNF-a level.