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The Comstock–Needham system, the foundation of main vein homology of insects, is grounded in the comparison between wing venation and wing-pad tracheation, particularly that of Plecoptera and Blattodea. However, the trachea-based approach has come into great dispute in recent years. Meanwhile, the terminology used to describe the wing venation of cockroaches requires a revision according to homology and the practical need. These motivated us to examine the wings of cockroaches, comparing the tracheation of nymphs with the tracheation and venation of adults. We find a correspondence between the tracheation and the main vein venation; therefore the trachea-based approach is effective in cockroaches. It is supported that Neopteran insects have six homologous main veins, namely, Sc, R, M, Cu, Pcu and V. We interpret the wing morphology of cockroaches in detail, including veins, furrows, folds and apical folding. RA and RP in hindwing, ScP, CuA and CuP in tegmen and hindwing, are recognized. Hindwing R + M is the only normal venal fusion in cockroaches. In addition, we propose several descriptive terms: cmv, V[1], V[s], pseudostem and characteristic posterior branch. The venation of 41 species (representing 41 genera), and the wing-pad tracheation of four of them including Diploptera punctata , which has unique apical folding, are illustrated.

Females and males of six species of Pseudoglomeris , P. (P.) sculpta, P. (P.) valida moderata, P. (P.) fallax, P. (P.) beybienkoi, P. (Glomerexis) semisulcata, and P. (G.) angustifolia), are matched by employing both field observation and captive breeding approaches. A key to males of Pseudoglomeris from China is provided. The male of P. (P.) sculpta and both sexes of P. (P.) fallax are redescribed and photographs are provided.

Two new species of Eupolyphaga ( E. bicolor Han, Che & Wang, sp. nov. and E. nigra Han, Che & Wang, sp. nov. ) and six new species of Pseudoeupolyphaga ( P. flava Han, Che & Wang, sp. nov. , P. deficiens Han, Che & Wang, sp. nov. , P. magna Han, Che & Wang, sp. nov. , P. longiseta Han, Che & Wang, sp. nov. , P. latizona Han, Che & Wang, sp. nov. , and P. baimaensis Han, Che & Wang, sp. nov. ) are described and illustrated. The female external genitalia and spermathecae of these two genera are reported and the role of these characters in species delimitation is discussed.

In this paper knowledge of the genus Pycnoscelus Scudder, 1862 is updated. Two new species from southern China are described: Pycnoscelus puteus Wang & Che, sp. nov. and P. undulatus Wang & Che, sp. nov. Diagnostic characters and high-definition morphological photographs are provided for five known species and two species unidentified due to limited information are reported. An updated checklist and key for Pycnoscelus species worldwide are provided.

This study examines Blattinae samples from Southwest China collected in recent years. Based on morphological characters, we establish two genera, Vittiblatta gen. nov. and Planiblatta gen. nov. , and describe four new species, Vittiblatta punctata Luo & Wang, sp. nov. , Vittiblatta ferruginea Luo & Wang, sp. nov. , Vittiblatta undulata Luo & Wang, sp. nov. , and Planiblatta crassispina Luo & Wang, sp. nov. These two new genera resemble Periplaneta s.s., but are easily distinguished from it and other genera of Blattinae by morphological characters (genital sclerite L4C). Our results indicate that sclerites L4C and R1G of male genitalia might be important in species delimitation of Blattinae. In addition, chiral dimorphism is found in male genitalia of Vittiblatta punctata sp. nov.

Blattella germanica (Linnaeus, 1767), a member of the Blattellidae family within the order Blattodea, is a significant global sanitary pest. Several species within the genus Blattella Caudell, 1903 and its closely related genera ( Episymploce Bey-Bienko, 1950; Symploce Hebard, 1916; and Jacobsonina Hebard, 1929) exhibit external morphological traits similar to those of B. germanica . By integrating morphological identification and molecular analyses, one new species was identified: Jacobsonina uncata Cai, Yao & Che, sp. nov. Additionally, Blattella asahinai Mizukubo, 1981 was downgraded to a subspecies of B. germanica . The application of molecular data, specifically cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI), has proven to be a straightforward and effective method for distinguishing B. germanica from its morphologically similar relatives.

Eupolyphaga Chopard, 1929 is a cockroach genus mainly endemic to China. In this study, the species diversity of this genus is further explored through morphology and molecular analysis. Four species are described new to science: Eupolyphaga miracidia Qiu, sp. nov. , Eupolyphaga udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov. , Eupolyphaga reducta Qiu, sp. nov. , and Eupolyphaga simila Qiu, sp. nov. New knowledge on some known species is added, including new distribution records and characteristics of females. Forty-five COI sequences were newly sequenced and a molecular species delimitation analysis was performed using ABGD method. Eighteen molecular operational taxonomic units were obtained by ABGD analysis, which are nearly consistent with the results of morphological delimitation.

The blattid cockroach Periplaneta arabica (Bey-Bienko, 1938) has been poorly understood since its original description. In this study, male and female (including nymph) of P. arabica are paired using DNA barcoding, and their morphological characters (including both external characteristics and genitalia) are described. A detailed comparative morphological study of this species and the closely related Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus, 1758) and Periplaneta lateralis Walker, 1868 was carried out to explore phylogenetically relevant characters.

Six Margattea species are established and described: three are cryptic species, namely, M. parabisignata Li & Che, sp. nov. , M. semicircularis Li & Che, sp. nov. , and M. forcipata Li & Che, sp. nov. They are distinguished from known species M. bisignata , M. spinifera , and M. paratransversa by their male genitalia with the aid of molecular species delimitation method (ABGD) using COI as the molecular marker. The other three new species are M. pedata Li & Che, sp. nov. , M. undulata Li & Che, sp. nov. , and M. bisphaerica Li & Che, sp. nov. Morphological and genitalia photographs of these new species of Margattea , as well as a key to the species of Margattea from China, are provided.

We examined new Allacta materials from Yunnan and Hainan Province, China, and discovered new species using both morphological and molecular species delimitation (ABGD) methods. Five new species are described: A. bifolium Li & Wang, sp. nov. , A. hemiptera Li & Wang, sp. nov. , A. lunulara Li & Wang, sp. nov. , A. redacta Li & Wang, sp. nov. , and A. unicaudata Li & Wang, sp. nov. All five species are placed under the hamifera species group. An updated key and checklist of Allacta species from China are provided.