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Islamic metalwork
Whether destined for a sultan's palace or provincial household, a vast array of functional and often luxurious metal vessels and utensils have been produced throughout the Islamic world. Although not primarily religious objects, they were traditionally made with the same skill and imagination, and their designs and decoration reflect the strong cultural influence of Islam which extended from Spain and North Africa in the west to Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent in the east. This book traces the range of materials and techniques, decorative motifs and diverse local styles of Islamic metalwork from the seventh to the fifteenth century with a wealth of illustration drawn from the British Museum and other major collections. -- Back cover.
BOOK
Granick revisited: Synthesizing evolutionary and ecological evidence for the late origin of bacteriochlorophyll via ghost lineages and horizontal gene transfer
Photosynthesis—both oxygenic and more ancient anoxygenic forms—has fueled the bulk of primary productivity on Earth since it first evolved more than 3.4 billion years ago. However, the early evolutionary history of photosynthesis has been challenging to interpret due to the sparse, scattered distribution of metabolic pathways associated with photosynthesis, long timescales of evolution, and poor sampling of the true environmental diversity of photosynthetic bacteria. Here, we reconsider longstanding hypotheses for the evolutionary history of phototrophy by leveraging recent advances in metagenomic sequencing and phylogenetics to analyze relationships among phototrophic organisms and components of their photosynthesis pathways, including reaction centers and individual proteins and complexes involved in the multi-step synthesis of (bacterio)-chlorophyll pigments. We demonstrate that components of the photosynthetic apparatus have undergone extensive, independent histories of horizontal gene transfer. This suggests an evolutionary mode by which modular components of phototrophy are exchanged between diverse taxa in a piecemeal process that has led to biochemical innovation. We hypothesize that the evolution of extant anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria has been spurred by ecological competition and restricted niches following the evolution of oxygenic Cyanobacteria and the accumulation of O 2 in the atmosphere, leading to the relatively late evolution of bacteriochlorophyll pigments and the radiation of diverse crown group anoxygenic phototrophs. This hypothesis expands on the classic “Granick hypothesis” for the stepwise evolution of biochemical pathways, synthesizing recent expansion in our understanding of the diversity of phototrophic organisms as well as their evolving ecological context through Earth history.
Journal Article
Print culture, crime and justice in eighteenth-century London
In the first half of the 18th century there was an explosion in the volume and variety of crime literature published in London. The older genres of criminal biographies, social policy pamphlets, and 'last-dying speeches' were joined by a raft of new publications, including newspapers, periodicals and prints. Richard M. Ward provides a detailed study of crime reporting across these publications and explores the influence of print upon contemporary perceptions of crime and upon the making of the law and its administration in the capital.
Book
Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 1: diagnosis, and neuromuscular, rehabilitation, endocrine, and gastrointestinal and nutritional management
Since the publication of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) care considerations in 2010, multidisciplinary care of this severe, progressive neuromuscular disease has evolved. In conjunction with improved patient survival, a shift to more anticipatory diagnostic and therapeutic strategies has occurred, with a renewed focus on patient quality of life. In 2014, a steering committee of experts from a wide range of disciplines was established to update the 2010 DMD care considerations, with the goal of improving patient care. The new care considerations aim to address the needs of patients with prolonged survival, to provide guidance on advances in assessments and interventions, and to consider the implications of emerging genetic and molecular therapies for DMD. The committee identified 11 topics to be included in the update, eight of which were addressed in the original care considerations. The three new topics are primary care and emergency management, endocrine management, and transitions of care across the lifespan. In part 1 of this three-part update, we present care considerations for diagnosis of DMD and neuromuscular, rehabilitation, endocrine (growth, puberty, and adrenal insufficiency), and gastrointestinal (including nutrition and dysphagia) management.
Journal Article
Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 3: primary care, emergency management, psychosocial care, and transitions of care across the lifespan
Improvements in the function, quality of life, and longevity of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) have been achieved through a multidisciplinary approach to management across a range of health-care specialties. In part 3 of this update of the DMD care considerations, we focus on primary care, emergency management, psychosocial care, and transitions of care across the lifespan. Many primary care and emergency medicine clinicians are inexperienced at managing the complications of DMD. We provide a guide to the acute and chronic medical conditions that these first-line providers are likely to encounter. With prolonged survival, individuals with DMD face a unique set of challenges related to psychosocial issues and transitions of care. We discuss assessments and interventions that are designed to improve mental health and independence, functionality, and quality of life in critical domains of living, including health care, education, employment, interpersonal relationships, and intimacy.
Journal Article
الأعمال المعدنية الإسلامية
يتناول كتاب (الأعمال المعدنية الإسلامية) والذي قام بتأليفه (راشل وارد) في حوالي (160) صفحة من القطع المتوسط موضوع (المسكوكات الإسلامية) مستعرضا المحتويات التالية : ماهي الأعمال المعدنية الإسلامية ؟، التقنيات، تقنيات التصنيع، تقنيات الزخرفة، الاستمرارية والتغيير 600-900 م، الأسلوب الجديد 900-1100، السطوح البراقة 1100-1400، الشعر والدعاية.
Book
Phototrophy and carbon fixation in Chlorobi postdate the rise of oxygen
While most productivity on the surface of the Earth today is fueled by oxygenic photosynthesis, for much of Earth history it is thought that anoxygenic photosynthesis—using compounds like ferrous iron or sulfide as electron donors—drove most global carbon fixation. Anoxygenic photosynthesis is still performed by diverse bacteria in niche environments today. Of these, the Chlorobi (formerly green sulfur bacteria) are often interpreted as being particularly ancient and are frequently proposed to have fueled the biosphere during late Archean and early Paleoproterozoic time before the rise of oxygenic photosynthesis. Here, we perform comparative genomic, phylogenetic, and molecular clock analyses to determine the antiquity of the Chlorobi and their characteristic phenotypes. We show that contrary to common assumptions, the Chlorobi clade is relatively young, with anoxygenic phototrophy, carbon fixation via the rTCA pathway, and iron oxidation all significantly postdating the rise of oxygen ~2.3 billion years ago. The Chlorobi therefore could not have fueled the Archean biosphere, but instead represent a relatively young radiation of organisms which likely acquired the capacity for anoxygenic photosynthesis and other traits via horizontal gene transfer sometime after the evolution of oxygenic Cyanobacteria.
Journal Article
Human cardiac tissues produce lower contractile stress and exhibit slower cross-bridge cycling in type 2 diabetes
Background
Diabetes mellitus elevates the risk of developing heart failure and increases associated mortality rates. While the clinical features of diabetic cardiomyopathy have been extensively studied, the effects of diabetes and associated changes in metabolic state on contractile cross-bridge function are less well understood. Using our suite of experimental methods designed to measure cross-bridge kinetics and metabolite sensitivity, we aim to elucidate the mechanistic pathways by which cross-bridge alterations contribute to myocardial dysfunction observed in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Methods
Atrial trabeculae from non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic patients without heart failure were permeabilised and subjected to a series of experiments to measure their cross-bridge function and sensitivity to metabolites. Muscle active stress production and muscle active complex modulus measurements were gathered across different concentrations of ATP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) for the two groups of muscles. To link these functional data to tissue structural alterations, confocal imaging was performed to quantify the trabecula myofilament content and SWATH-MS was performed to measure the composition of myosin isoforms.
Results
Diabetic trabeculae generated 20% lower active stress and had 16% lower cross-bridge stiffness on average. The reduction in active stress production can be attributed to a lower density of myocytes in the diabetic muscles. The diabetic trabeculae also had a 24% reduction in characteristic frequencies, reflecting slower cross-bridge cycling kinetics. This result was consistent with the measurement of a reduced fraction of the alpha myosin isoform in this group of patients. The interaction between diabetic status and metabolites was more complex. Although we found that diabetes did not affect the force response to changes in ATP or Pi concentrations, we found that the stiffness of cross-bridges had a lower sensitivity to ATP in diabetic tissues.
Conclusions
Our key results point to potential mechanisms of clinical dysfunction in diabetic heart tissue. Lower active force production in diabetic trabeculae suggests that these patients are developing contractile dysfunction. Furthermore, slower cross-bridges can contribute to diastolic dysfunction, especially at higher heart rates, by prolonging cardiac relaxation.
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article