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Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of whey protein concentrate (WPC) dehydration methods and their usage levels on the physico-chemical and sensory qualities of lean chicken frankfurters. Five treatments with three replications each consisted of 2.5% ultrafiltered (UF) WPC, 5% UFWPC, 2.5% vacuum evaporated (VE) WPC, 5% VEWPC, and control. Products were conventionally processed until a final internal temperature of 71.1°C was achieved through the use of steam cooking in a smokehouse. Processing yields, color, textural qualities, protein-protein interaction, water-holding capacity, microbial quality, and sensory traits were evaluated. There were no significant differences in cooking yield, color, and sensory panel perception of lean chicken frankfurters. However, final yields decreased considerably among treatments and control with mean values lowest in treatments 2.5. Water-holding capacity was greatest in UFWPC 2.5 treatments at week 0, 2, and 4, although variations among treatments and control were noted. The greatest water loss was apparent at week 2. Electrophoretic patterns of treatments and control in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 7 M urea indicated that cooking did not bring about tenacious protein-protein interactions, nor did it cause protein breakdowns. Textural studies were conducted using an Instron Universal Testing Machine with a 100 lb load cell. At week 0, strain values were the highest in treatment VEWPC 5 and lowest at week 2 in treatment VEWPC 2.5. At week 6, stress values were the highest in treatment UFWPC 2.5 and lowest in treatment VEWPC 5 at week 0. Microbial quality of frankfurters was not affected by treatments containing WPC in comparison to the control throughout storage. Expert panelists' perceptions of texture and juiciness were rated higher compared to perceptions of flavor and overall acceptability. No significant differences were observed in texture, flavor, juiciness, or overall acceptability due to the usage of WPC compared to the control. These results indicate VEWPC significantly increased cooked yield up to 12% and usage of WPC at 2.5 and 5% usage levels is commercially and technically feasible. It is notable that the expert panelists' did not detect any differences between the treatments and control.

I want to thank Herblock. I want to thank him on behalf of my son, murdered with a handgun. I want to thank him on behalf of the thousands of other handgun victims and their grieving survivors. All of us thank him for his courageous cartoon in The Post Aug. 7, which shows better than a thousand words why any kind of gun-control legislation has such opposition in our gun-lobby-controlled Congress.

Viral pneumonias cause profound worldwide morbidity, necessitating novel strategies to prevent and treat these potentially lethal infections. Stimulation of intrinsic lung defenses via inhalation of synergistically acting Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists protects mice broadly against pneumonia, including otherwise-lethal viral infections, providing a potential opportunity to mitigate infectious threats. As intact lung epithelial TLR signaling is required for the inducible resistance and as these cells are the principal targets of many respiratory viruses, the capacity of lung epithelial cells to be therapeutically manipulated to function as autonomous antiviral effectors was investigated. Our work revealed that mouse and human lung epithelial cells could be stimulated to generate robust antiviral responses that both reduce viral burden and enhance survival of isolated cells and intact animals. The antiviral protection required concurrent induction of epithelial reactive oxygen species (ROS) from both mitochondrial and dual oxidase sources, although neither type I interferon enrichment nor type I interferon signaling was required for the inducible protection. Taken together, these findings establish the sufficiency of lung epithelial cells to generate therapeutically inducible antiviral responses, reveal novel antiviral roles for ROS, provide mechanistic insights into inducible resistance, and may provide an opportunity to protect patients from viral pneumonia during periods of peak vulnerability. IMPORTANCE Viruses are the most commonly identified causes of pneumonia and inflict unacceptable morbidity, despite currently available therapies. While lung epithelial cells are principal targets of respiratory viruses, they have also been recently shown to contribute importantly to therapeutically inducible antimicrobial responses. This work finds that lung cells can be stimulated to protect themselves against viral challenges, even in the absence of leukocytes, both reducing viral burden and improving survival. Further, it was found that the protection occurs via unexpected induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from spatially segregated sources without reliance on type I interferon signaling. Coordinated multisource ROS generation has not previously been described against viruses, nor has ROS generation been reported for epithelial cells against any pathogen. Thus, these findings extend the potential clinical applications for the strategy of inducible resistance to protect vulnerable people against viral infections and also provide new insights into the capacity of lung cells to protect against infections via novel ROS-dependent mechanisms. Viruses are the most commonly identified causes of pneumonia and inflict unacceptable morbidity, despite currently available therapies. While lung epithelial cells are principal targets of respiratory viruses, they have also been recently shown to contribute importantly to therapeutically inducible antimicrobial responses. This work finds that lung cells can be stimulated to protect themselves against viral challenges, even in the absence of leukocytes, both reducing viral burden and improving survival. Further, it was found that the protection occurs via unexpected induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from spatially segregated sources without reliance on type I interferon signaling. Coordinated multisource ROS generation has not previously been described against viruses, nor has ROS generation been reported for epithelial cells against any pathogen. Thus, these findings extend the potential clinical applications for the strategy of inducible resistance to protect vulnerable people against viral infections and also provide new insights into the capacity of lung cells to protect against infections via novel ROS-dependent mechanisms.