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"Warren, Andrea"
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Under siege! : three children at the Civil War battle for Vicksburg
Examines the 1862-63 battle for Vicksburg through the eyes of three children: ten-year-old Lucy, the daughter of a Vicksburg merchant; eleven-year-old Willie, the son of a minister; and twelve-year old Frederick, the son of Ulysses S. Grant.
Book
Testing the Effectiveness of a Community-Based Peer Support Intervention to Mitigate Social Isolation and Stigma of Adolescent Motherhood in Zimbabwe
ObjectivesSocial isolation and stigma contribute to poor mental health outcomes. Adolescent mothers in Zimbabwe often experience isolation and stigma, lacking social support and resources to navigate motherhood. The study tested the effectiveness of a community-based peer support intervention to mitigate social isolation and stigma of adolescent motherhood in Harare, Zimbabwe.MethodsCommunity health workers (n = 12) and peer educators (n = 12) in the intervention arm were recruited and trained on co-facilitating peer support groups. Adolescent mothers aged 15–18 years from two low-income high-density communities in Harare were recruited, using a quasi-experimental design. The intervention arm (n = 104) participated in the peer support groups and both arms completed sociodemographic, base-, mid-, and end-line surveys (control arm n = 79). Peer support groups (12 groups with 6–12 participants in each) met in-person twice a month and completed 12 sessions from May to August 2019 addressing participant-identified topics such as income generation and depression. WhatsApp Messenger was used for training and implementation support. Key community stakeholders discussed project progress and recommendations to improve adolescent mothers’ health. Data were analyzed using Stata 15.ResultsThe intervention arm reported lower depressive symptoms and common mental disorders and higher overall, family, friends, and significant-other support, compared to control. The intervention arm felt more engaged with peers, knew who and where to turn to for help, and had coping, parenting and communication strategies to manage life challenges.Conclusions for PracticeThe intervention mitigated social isolation and stigma and thereby improved mental health and social support among adolescent mothers in Harare.Trial Registration This trial is registered at Clinical Trials.gov, NCT05213182 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05213182.SignificanceWhat is already known on this subject? Social isolation and stigma contribute to poor mental health outcomes. Adolescent mothers often experience isolation and stigma, lacking social support and resources to navigate motherhood. There is a need for interventions that identify and address the unique needs of adolescent mothers.What this study adds? A community-based peer-support intervention can mitigate social isolation and stigma and thereby improve mental health and social support of adolescent mothers. WhatsApp Messenger is a potential intervention tool for providing training and implementation support, and enhancing communication between peer support group facilitators and participants.
Journal Article
Subjective Well-Being and Domestic Violence Among Ultra-Poor Women in Rural Bangladesh: Findings from a Multifaceted Poverty Alleviation Program
We evaluated a poverty-reduction program that targeted ultra-poor women in rural Bangladesh to promote economic and social improvement through income-generating activities and strengthening socio-political awareness. We hypothesized that ultra-poor women participating in the program would have lower domestic violence and depressive symptoms and higher subjective well-being, household economic status, and food security than non-participants. A quasi-experimental design with program and comparison arms and assessments at two times (i.e., baseline and end-line) was used. Analysis of covariance with linear multilevel random-intercept models adjusted for available baseline variables was used to estimate program-comparison differences at end-line for economic status, perceived economy, food insecurity, domestic violence, depressive symptoms, and subjective well-being. We also estimated the benefits attributable to the program for subjective well-being, food insecurity, and domestic violence. Women in the program arm had greater subjective well-being with a decrease in negative affect of life by 33.5% and dissatisfaction with life by 42.5%. The women in the program arm encountered 12% or fewer incidences of domestic violence than did the women in the comparison arm. Food insecurity reduced by an average of 14% due to the program. This poverty-reduction program helped in improving women’s access to and control of resources and their social awareness, thus empowering them and promoting economic, social, and psychological well-being. Poverty-reduction programs that acknowledge and address the social complexity of extreme poverty have the potential to effectively reach the ultra-poor who otherwise are often missed by traditional microcredit programs.
Journal Article
Development and assessment of feasibility of a community-based peer support intervention to mitigate social isolation and stigma of adolescent motherhood in Harare, Zimbabwe
Background
Adolescent mothers in Zimbabwe often experience stigma, isolation, and lack coping skills and resources to successfully navigate motherhood. Social isolation and stigma are linked to poor mental health outcomes. No interventions currently address mental health of adolescent mothers in Zimbabwe. Peer support groups in other contexts have been effective at increasing social connectedness, self-esteem, and self-efficacy, providing coping mechanisms to manage stigma experiences, in addition to empowering and improving mental health of adolescents and adolescent mothers. To develop a community-based peer support intervention, we aimed to understand the unique needs of adolescent mothers, how peer support groups could address those needs, and the feasibility of implementing the intervention.
Methods
Focus group discussions were conducted with 86 adolescent mothers aged 14–18 years, 24 community health workers, and 25 key community stakeholders in a low-income high-density community in Harare. Data were analyzed thematically using NVivo 12 software.
Results
Participants described adolescent mother experiences with stigma and social isolation, in addition to challenges including gossip, lack of employment and educational opportunities, and gaps in services and programming. Peer support groups for adolescent mothers were welcomed to improve mental health, social support, knowledge sharing, and skills building. Participants identified varying preferred frequency and duration of group sessions addressing topics including income generation, mental health, and gossip, facilitated by community health workers at health and community centers. The use of WhatsApp Messenger to support intervention efforts was welcomed as an affordable and user-friendly platform to share information. Implementation (i.e., training, supervision, frequency, location, and co-facilitation) was feasible.
Conclusions
Adolescent mothers, community health workers and key community stakeholders welcomed the peer support groups as a feasible way to address the mothers’ needs.
Journal Article
The buildings and designs of Andrea Palladio
\"Andrea Palladio's spectacular designs are at the foundation of art and architecture history. In 1776, Ottavio Bertotti Scamozzi began documenting and commenting on Palladio's designs, which were then published in four volumes called FABBRICHE E I DISEGNI DI ANDREA PALLADIO. This is the first book to compile all four volumes into one, with over two hundred beautiful reprints from the 1786 edition, showcasing Palladio's designs for seventy-five villas, churches, and public spaces; and for the first time, the English translation of Scamozzi's building analyses for Palladio's most well-known works\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Multilevel and Multisectoral Processes of Implementing Nutritionsensitive Ideology and Programming in Ethiopia's Development Landscape
This research sought to understand the ways in which ideas and discourses in international development are adapted in a country context. Our particular focus was on how ideas at the international and national level become reality at the subnational and community levels. We primarily examined the sensitization of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program to nutrition across sectors and down levels of government as a way to understand how the global momentum around nutrition, particularly multisectoral or nutrition-sensitive initiatives, can be translated into action. The first manuscript delves further into the operational realities of implementing multisectoral nutrition-sensitive programming among the neglected lower levels of government, or what we term the mid-level actors and their operating environments. We used key informant interviews with sub-district government implementers and households in a vulnerable agrarian community. The second manuscript frames the current narrative around nutrition in development. We identify and describe the frameworks, ideologies, and operational realities that both influence the conceptualization of nutrition-sensitive efforts at a global level and constrain their realization within a country context. We collected and analyzed data from Ethiopian national strategic frameworks and key informant interviews, and situated it within literature from development studies, nutrition, anthropology, and geography. All data were collected between June 2014 and March 2016. We intend this work to serve as a practical guide for future research and programming on multisectoral nutrition. Our identification and discussion of insidious, constraining patterns within nutrition research and practice, in combination with those within development at-large and the operational constraints at the country-level will ideally influence current discourses in such a way that possibilities for addressing the overarching (and underlying) structural factors that impact nutrition can be better imagined. This work will help to move nutrition in development beyond the single-factor, individual-level focus that we observed within international nutrition practice.
Dissertation
The relationship between reported incidents of student discipline and student achievement across four eastern states
The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 was established to improve student achievement among all public school students. To accomplish this goal, this federal mandate requires each state to establish the seven set priorities under NCLB. In addition, each state is required to establish and report their accomplishments and failures annually. One priority listed under NCLB required that all public schools establish a safe learning environment for students, school staff, and parents (U.S. Government, 2001). Some researchers have identified a high frequency of student discipline incidents, resulting in high suspension and expulsion rates, as a negative constuct that hinders teachers from establishing a nurturing learning environment. As a result, students are unable to develop the skills they need to successfully pass their state-wide assessment test (Howard et al., 1987; Hernandez & Seem, 2004). Therefore, this study was designed to determined if there is a relationship between incidents of student discipline and student achievement across public school districts in Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. For the purpose of this study, a hierarchical clustering analysis was used to create five clusters of school divisions (N=1,108) within the four states according to similiarities. To accomplish this task, a data matrix was created, which contains data of the total number of incidents for disorderly conduct, weapon violations, substance abuse, and violence; the number of students receiving free and reduced lunch; and the number of students by race/ethnicity for each school district within the four states. The findings indicate that there is a relationship between incidents of student discipline and student achievement among the four states.
Dissertation
