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"Warren, Jonathan"
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Industrial Teesside, lives and legacies : a post-industrial geography
This book evaluates the consequences of economic, social, environmental and cultural change on people living and working within Teesside in the North-East of England. It assesses the lived experiences, working lives, health and cultural perspectives of residents and key stakeholders in the wake of serious de-industralisation in the region. The narrative is embedded within the long-term industrial history of Stockton: an area once dominated by steel, coal and chemical industries. This past still continues to shape its future and influences the ways in which that future is conceived and envisioned. The author explores a ?biography of place? analytical framework to offer a holistic view of the area, which considers the interaction between the social, economic, cultural, visual and environmental legacy of the community, which is firmly grounded in the past, present and future prospects of those who live and work there.
Book
Factors Influencing Gallstone Formation: A Review of the Literature
Gallstone disease is a common pathology of the digestive system with nearly a 10–20% incidence rate among adults. The mainstay of treatment is cholecystectomy, which is commonly associated with physical pain and may also seriously affect a patient’s quality of life. Clinical research suggests that cholelithiasis is closely related to the age, gender, body mass index, and other basic physical characteristics of patients. Clinical research further suggests that the occurrence of cholelithiasis is related to obesity, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and other diseases. For this reason, we reviewed the following: genetic factors; excessive liver cholesterol secretion (causing cholesterol supersaturation in gallbladder bile); accelerated growth of cholesterol crystals and solid cholesterol crystals; gallbladder motility impairment; and cardiovascular factors. Herein, we summarize and analyze the causes and mechanisms of cholelithiasis, discuss its correlation with the pathogenesis of related diseases, and discuss possible mechanisms.
Journal Article
National-scale biogeography and function of river and stream bacterial biofilm communities
Biofilm-dwelling microorganisms coat the surfaces of stones in rivers and streams, forming diverse communities that are fundamental to biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning. Flowing water (lotic) ecosystems face mounting pressures from changes in land use, chemical pollution, and climate change. Despite their ecological importance, the taxonomic and functional diversity of river biofilms and their responses to environmental change are poorly understood at large spatial scales. We conducted a national-scale assessment of bacterial diversity and function using metagenomic sequencing from rivers and streams across England. We recovered 1,014 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from 450 biofilms collected across England’s extensive river network. Substantial taxonomic novelty was identified, with ~20% of the MAGs representing novel genera. Here we show that biofilm communities, dominated by generalist bacteria, exhibit remarkable functional diversity and metabolic versatility, and likely play a significant role in nutrient cycling with the potential for contaminant transformation. Measured environmental drivers collectively explained an average of 71% of variation in the relative abundance of bacterial MAGs, with geology and land cover contributing most strongly. These findings highlight the importance of river biofilms and establish a foundation for future research on the roles of biofilms in ecosystem health and resilience to environmental change.
Here, the authors conduct a metagenomic-based study of England’s rivers to show that biofilm bacteria are taxonomically and functionally diverse and are key to biogeochemical cycling, highlighting the importance of river biofilm bacteria in understanding and monitoring freshwater ecosystem health.
Journal Article
Associations of human skeletal muscle fiber type and insulin sensitivity, blood lipids, and vascular hemodynamics in a cohort of premenopausal women
Purpose
Cardiometabolic disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed nations. Consequently, identifying and understanding factors associated with underlying pathophysiological processes leading to chronic cardio metabolic conditions is critical. Metabolic health, arterial elasticity, and insulin sensitivity (SI) may impact disease risk, and may be determined in part by myofiber type. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that type I myofiber composition would be associated with high SI, greater arterial elasticity, lower blood pressure, and blood lipids; whereas, type IIx myofibers would be associated with lower SI, lower arterial elasticity, higher blood pressure, blood lipids.
Methods
Muscle biopsies were performed on the vastus lateralis in 16 subjects (BMI = 27.62 ± 4.71 kg/m
2
, age = 32.24 ± 6.37 years, 43% African American). The distribution of type I, IIa, and IIx myofibers was determined via immunohistochemistry performed on frozen cross-sections. Pearson correlation analyses were performed to assess associations between myofiber composition, SI, arterial elasticity, blood pressure, and blood lipid concentrations.
Results
The percentage of type I myofibers positively correlated with SI and negatively correlated with systolic blood pressure SBP, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure (MAP); whereas, the percentage of type IIx myofibers were negatively correlated with SI and large artery elasticity, and positively correlated with LDL cholesterol, SBP, and MAP.
Conclusions
These data demonstrate a potential link between myofiber composition and cardiometabolic health outcomes in a cohort of premenopausal women. Future research is needed to determine the precise mechanisms in which myofiber composition impacts the pathophysiology of impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as vascular dysfunction.
Journal Article
Perceived effectiveness of video interviews for orthopaedic surgery residency during COVID-19
Background
During the 2020–21 residency interview season, interviews were conducted through virtual platforms due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to assess the general perceptions of applicants, residents and attendings at a single, large, metropolitan orthopaedic residency with regards to the video interview process before and after the interview season.
Methods
Surveys were sent to all orthopaedic applicants, residents, and attendings before the interview season. Applicants who received interviews and responded to the first survey (46) and faculty who responded to the first survey (28) were sent a second survey after interviews to assess how their perceptions of video interviews changed.
Results
Initially, 50% of applicants (360/722) and 50% of faculty and residents (28/56) responded before interview season. After interviews, 55% of interviewees (25/46) and 64% of faculty and residents (18/28) responded. Before interviews, 91% of applicants stated they would prefer in-person interviews and 71% were worried that video interviews would prevent them from finding the best program fit. Before interviews, 100% of faculty and residents stated they would rather conduct in-person interviews and 86% felt that residencies would be less likely to find applicants who best fit the program. Comparing responses before and after interviews, 16% fewer applicants (
p
= 0.01) perceived that in-person interviews provide a better sense of a residency program and faculty and residents’ perceived ability to build rapport with interviewees improved in 11% of respondents (
p
= 0.01). However, in-person interviews were still heavily favored by interviewees (84%) and faculty and residents (88%) after the interview season.
Conclusions
In-person interviews for Orthopaedic Surgery Residency are perceived as superior and are preferred among the overwhelming majority of applicants, residents, and interviewers. Nevertheless, perceptions toward video interviews improved in certain domains after interview season, identifying potential areas of improvement and alternative interview options for future applicants.
Journal Article
The Role of the Prefrontal Cortex and Functional Connectivity during Maritime Operations: An fNIRS study
Introduction Watchkeeping is a significant activity during maritime operations, and failures of sustained attention and decision‐making can increase the likelihood of a collision. Methods A study was conducted in a ship bridge simulator where 40 participants (20 experienced/20 inexperienced) performed: (1) a 20‐min period of sustained attention to locate a target vessel and (2) a 10‐min period of decision‐making/action selection to perform an evasive maneuver. Half of the participants also performed an additional task of verbally reporting the position of their vessel. Activation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was captured via a 15‐channel functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) montage, and measures of functional connectivity were calculated frontal using graph‐theoretic measures. Results Neurovascular activation of right lateral area of the PFC decreased during sustained attention and increased during decision‐making. The graph‐theoretic analysis revealed that density declined during decision‐making in comparison with the previous period of sustained attention, while local clustering declined during sustained attention and increased when participants prepared their evasive maneuver. A regression analysis revealed an association between network measures and behavioral outcomes, with respect to spotting the target vessel and making an evasive maneuver. Conclusions The right lateral area of the PFC is sensitive to watchkeeping and decision‐making during operational performance. Graph‐theoretic measures allow us to quantify patterns of functional connectivity and were predictive of safety‐critical performance. fNIRS was used in a ship bridge simulator to study safety‐related performance during watchkeeping and decision‐making. Functional connectivity of the prefrontal cortex was measured. It was found that connection density was reduced during decision‐making while local clustering increased; connectivity measures were also significantly predictive of safety‐related behaviour.
Journal Article
Use of artificial intelligence to support prehospital traumatic injury care: A scoping review
Artificial intelligence (AI) has transformative potential to support prehospital clinicians, emergency physicians, and trauma surgeons in acute traumatic injury care. This scoping review examines the literature evaluating AI models using prehospital features to support early traumatic injury care.
We conducted a systematic search in August 2023 of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Two independent reviewers screened titles/abstracts, with a third reviewer for adjudication, followed by a full‐text analysis. We included original research and conference presentations evaluating AI models—machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and natural language processing (NLP)—that used prehospital features or features available immediately upon emergency department arrival. Review articles were excluded. The same investigators extracted data and systematically categorized outcomes to ensure consistency and transparency. We calculated kappa for interrater reliability and descriptive statistics.
We identified 1050 unique publications, with 49 meeting inclusion criteria after title and abstract review (kappa 0.58) and full‐text review. Publications increased annually from 2 in 2007 to 10 in 2022. Geographic analysis revealed a 61% focus on data from the United States. Studies were predominantly retrospective (88%), used local (45%) or national level (41%) data, focused on adults only (59%) or did not specify adults or pediatrics (27%), and 57% encompassed both blunt and penetrating injury mechanisms. The majority used machine learning (88%) alone or in conjunction with DL or NLP, and the top three algorithms used were support vector machine, logistic regression, and random forest. The most common study objectives were to predict the need for critical care and life‐saving interventions (29%), assist in triage (22%), and predict survival (20%).
A small but growing body of literature described AI models based on prehospital features that may support decisions made by dispatchers, Emergency Medical Services clinicians, and trauma teams in early traumatic injury care.
Journal Article
The effect of surgical time on perioperative complications in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis cases. A propensity score analysis
Background
Posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion (PSIF) for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) can be lengthy and complication-ridden. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of surgical time on perioperative complications in this procedure when controlling for confounding variables with propensity score analysis.
Methods
This was an IRB-approved review of electronic health records from 2010 to 2019 at a single tertiary care children’s hospital. Patients undergoing PSIF were grouped into “short” (< 6 h) or “long” (≥ 6 h) surgical time groups. Outcome measures were estimated blood loss (EBL), cell saver transfusions, packed red blood cell (pRBC) transfusions, length of stay (LOS), intraoperative monitoring (IOM) alerts, hematocrit, ICU transfer, neurologic loss, surgical site infection, and 90-day readmissions. We controlled for age, sex, BMI, curve severity, number of segments fused, and surgeon factors.
Results
After propensity score matching there were 113 patients in each group. The short surgical time group had lower EBL (median 715, IQR 550–900 vs median 875, IQR 650–1100 cc; p < 0.001), received less cell saver blood (median 120, IQR 60–168 vs median 160, IQR 97–225 cc; p = 0.001), received less intraoperative pRBCs (median 0, IQR 0–0 vs median 0, IQR 0–320, p = 0.002), had shorter average LOS (4.8 ± 1.7 vs 5.4 ± 2.5 days; p = 0.039), and fewer IOM alerts (4.3% vs 18%, p = 0.003).
Conclusions
Patients with shorter surgical times had less blood loss, received less transfused blood, had a shorter LOS, and fewer IOM alerts compared to patients with longer surgical times. Surgical times < 6 h may have safety and efficacy advantages over longer times.
Level of evidence
III.
Journal Article
‘Out of Whose Hive the Quakers Swarm’d’: Polemics and the Justification of Infant Baptism in the Early Restoration
The English Civil War brought an end to government censorship of nonconformist texts. The resulting exegetical and hermeneutical battles waged over baptism among paedobaptists and Baptists continued well into the Restoration period. A survey of the post-Restoration polemical literature reveals the following themes: 1) the polemical ‘slippery slope’ is a major feature of these tracts. Dissenting paedobaptists believed that Baptists would inevitably become Quakers, despising baptism altogether, and that the resulting social instability would allow the tyranny of Roman Catholicism to reemerge in England. Baptists for their part compared the tyranny of paedobaptist argumentation to the tyranny exercised by Roman Catholics. Anti- Quakeriana and Anti-Popery were both central ‘devil terms’ in this polemical warfare; 2) the exegesis of biblical texts underlying infant baptism revealed contrary understandings of how the bible fit together as a whole. Baptists tended to read Old and New Testaments disjunctively, whereas paedobaptists saw continuity absent explicit abrogation; 3) scholastic theology continued to undergird the arguments of all parties. Especially relevant to this discussion was debate over the proper ‘matter’ and ‘form’ of baptism. Here exegetical and hermeneutical disputes were also relevant. This study reveals that patterns of reading Scripture in each community were informed by traditions and practices, and that the search for the objective ‘literal’ sense of the text was bound to be unavailing.
Journal Article