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This opinion article results from a collective analysis by the Editorial Board of Food Security. It is motivated by the ongoing covid-19 global epidemic, but expands to a broader view on the crises that disrupt food systems and threaten food security, locally to globally. Beyond the public health crisis it is causing, the current global pandemic is impacting food systems, locally and globally. Crises such as the present one can, and do, affect the stability of food production. One of the worst fears is the impacts that crises could have on the potential to produce food, that is, on the primary production of food itself, for example, if material and non-material infrastructure on which agriculture depends were to be damaged, weakened, or fall in disarray. Looking beyond the present, and not minimising its importance, the covid-19 crisis may turn out to be the trigger for overdue fundamental transformations of agriculture and the global food system. This is because the global food system does not work well today: the number of hungry people in the world has increased substantially, with the World Food Programme warning of the possibility of a “hunger pandemic”. Food also must be nutritious, yet unhealthy diets are a leading cause of death. Deepening crises impoverish the poorest, disrupt food systems, and expand “food deserts”. A focus on healthy diets for all is all the more relevant when everyone’s immune system must react to infection during a global pandemic. There is also accumulating and compelling evidence that the global food system is pushing the Earth system beyond the boundaries of sustainability. In the past twenty years, the growing demand for food has increasingly been met through the destruction of Earth’s natural environment, and much less through progress in agricultural productivity generated by scientific research, as was the case during the two previous decades. There is an urgent need to reduce the environmental footprint of the global food system: if its performances are not improved rapidly, the food system could itself be one main cause for food crises in the near future. The article concludes with a series of recommendations intended for policy makers and science leaders to improve the resilience of the food system, global to local, and in the short, medium and long term.

This paper finds support for seven political economy hypotheses that influenced governments’ policy choices during the 2006–2008 global food price crisis. Governments focused most heavily on consumer and trade policies rather than on policies designed to increase production. They also preferred policy changes with lower implementation costs, implying that responses to past crises were the best predictor of future actions. To explain the variety of responses and policy failures, a framework is proposed that locates policies along the twin dimensions of unitary vs. fragmented decision-making processes and social welfare maximizing vs. self-interested policy goals. Many of the common policy responses can be explained by a benchmark model of unitary decision makers seeking to increase social welfare. In contrast, fragmented government decision-making, uncertainty, and self-interest generate policy and implementation failures, significant departures from the benchmark model, and reductions in social welfare. Mistrust between government and the private sector causes a lack of transparency, which fuels mistrust and uncertainty, leading to additional policy and implementation failures.

Despite technological advances in agriculture, nearly a billion people around the world still suffer from hunger and poor nutrition while a billion are overweight or obese. This imbalance highlights the need not only to focus on food production but also to implement successful food policies. In this new textbook intended to be used with the three volumes ofCase Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries (also from Cornell), the 2001 World Food Prize laureate Per Pinstrup-Andersen and his colleague Derrill D. Watson II analyze international food policies and discuss how such policies can and must address the many complex challenges that lie ahead in view of continued poverty, globalization, climate change, food price volatility, natural resource degradation, demographic and dietary transitions, and increasing interests in local and organic food production. Food Policy for Developing Countries offers a \"social entrepreneurship\" approach to food policy analysis. Calling on a wide variety of disciplines including economics, nutrition, sociology, anthropology, environmental science, medicine, and geography, the authors show how all elements in the food system function together. Despite technological advances in agriculture, nearly a billion people around the world still suffer from hunger and poor nutrition while a billion are overweight or obese. This imbalance highlights the need not only to focus on food production but also to implement successful food policies. In this new textbook intended to be used with the three volumes ofCase Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries (also from Cornell), the 2001 World Food Prize laureate Per Pinstrup-Andersen and his colleague Derrill D. Watson II analyze international food policies and discuss how such policies can and must address the many complex challenges that lie ahead in view of continued poverty, globalization, climate change, food price volatility, natural resource degradation, demographic and dietary transitions, and increasing interests in local and organic food production. Food Policy for Developing Countries offers a \"social entrepreneurship\" approach to food policy analysis. Calling on a wide variety of disciplines including economics, nutrition, sociology, anthropology, environmental science, medicine, and geography, the authors show how all elements in the food system function together.

Intro -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1. Toward a Dynamic Global Food System -- Chapter 2. Food Policy -- Chapter 3. Human Health and Nutrition Policies -- Chapter 4. Food Security, Consumption, and Demand Policies -- Chapter 5. Poverty Alleviation Policies -- Chapter 6. Domestic Market Policies -- Chapter 7. Food Production and Supply Policies -- Chapter 8. Climate Change, Energy, and Natural Resource Management Policies -- Chapter 9. Governance and Institutions -- Chapter 10. Globalization and the Food System -- Chapter 11. Ethical Aspects of Food Systems -- References -- Index.

Food Policy for Developing Countries offers a \"social entrepreneurship\" approach to food policy analysis. Calling on a wide variety of disciplines including economics, nutrition, sociology, anthropology, environmental science, medicine, and geography, the authors show how all elements in the food system function together.

Despite technological advances in agriculture, nearly a billion people around the world still suffer from hunger and poor nutrition while a billion are overweight or obese. This imbalance highlights the need not only to focus on food production but also to implement successful food policies. In this new textbook intended to be used with the three volumes of Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries (also from Cornell), the 2001 World Food Prize laureate Per Pinstrup-Andersen and his colleague Derrill D. Watson II analyze international food policies and discuss how such policies can and must address the many complex challenges that lie ahead in view of continued poverty, globalization, climate change, food price volatility, natural resource degradation, demographic and dietary transitions, and increasing interests in local and organic food production. Food Policy for Developing Countries offers a \"social entrepreneurship\" approach to food policy analysis. Calling on a wide variety of disciplines including economics, nutrition, sociology, anthropology, environmental science, medicine, and geography, the authors show how all elements in the food system function together--Book description.

At the World Food Summit (WFS) in 1996, 185 governments pledged to achieve food security for all and to support an ongoing effort to eradicate hunger in all countries, with an immediate view to reducing the number of undernourished people to half of its level in 1990 no later than 2015. Such pledges, however laudable, are nothing new, as described in the introductory chapter. Despite this acknowledgement that something has gone wrong with the system of international summits, there have been to date no attempts to measure the “political will” governments have supposedly pledged. In Chapter 2, a measure of political will is developed based on developing country government decisions at the WFS. Overall, I find that political will is correlated with reductions in hunger and that there is on average insufficient political will to ensure the goals' accomplishment. An alternative hypothesis is also upheld, suggesting that international summits are successful at increasing the political will of the delegates who attend. Chapter 3 posits a macroeconomic growth model where development assistance to heterogeneous governments is tied to the fulfillment of the pledges made at international summits. This model suggests that another measure of political will can be estimated by considering the effect of development assistance on government consumption spending. It also suggests an important problem with identifying the effect of aid on growth that may arise in time series and panel data settings that do not control for political will. It is determined that the focus for summit goals should be on incremental progress in the short term, with increasing targets over time. The final chapter of the dissertation examines alternative rules for how development assistance should be distributed based on different ethical concerns about the distribution of hungry people across countries. The optimal distribution of aid to accomplish the WFS and MGDs depends critically on whether the goals are considered worldwide or by each country and on the degree of inequality aversion donors have.

Despite technological advances in agriculture, nearly a billion people around the world still suffer from hunger and poor nutrition while a billion are overweight or obese. This imbalance highlights the need not only to focus on food production but also to implement successful food policies. In this new textbook intended to be used with the three volumes of Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries (also from Cornell), the 2001 World Food Prize laureate Per Pinstrup-Andersen and his colleague Derrill D. Watson II analyze international food policies and discuss how such policies can and must address the many complex challenges that lie ahead in view of continued poverty, globalization, climate change, food price volatility, natural resource degradation, demographic and dietary transitions, and increasing interests in local and organic food production.Food Policy for Developing Countries offers a \"social entrepreneurship\" approach to food policy analysis. Calling on a wide variety of disciplines including economics, nutrition, sociology, anthropology, environmental science, medicine, and geography, the authors show how all elements in the food system function together.

Globalization is a powerful force in the world economy. It may improve or harm food systems and food security. The term “globalization” usually refers to increasing economic integration and flows of goods and services across national borders. Von Braun and Mengistu (2007a, 1) define globalization of the agro-food system as “the integration of the production and processing of agriculture and food items across national borders, through markets, standardization, regulations, and technologies.” Four increasing cross-border flows are of particular importance for food systems: 1. Trade in goods and services resulting from liberalized food and agricultural trade policies, improved information and communications technology,

One billion men, women, and children struggle to survive on less than $1 per day per person. Roughly half the world’s population lives on less than $2 per day. Persistent poverty is the central problem of economic development and, as discussed in chapter 4, a key consideration in efforts to understand and improve the global food system and derive food security for all. The greatest share of poor people is found in south Asia, while sub-Saharan Africa has both the greatest incidence of poverty and the fastest growth in numbers of poor people. Sub-Saharan Africa also has a very high