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\"From its inception in 1932, overseas broadcasting by the BBC quickly became an essential adjunct to British diplomatic and foreign policy objectives. For this reason, the World Service was considered the primary means of engaging with attitudes and opinions behind the Iron Curtain during the Cold War. Although funded by government Grant-in-Aid, the Service's editorial independence was enshrined in the BBC's Charter, Licence and Agreement. London Calling explores the delicate balance of power that lay in the relations between Whitehall and the World Service during the Cold War.This book also assesses the nature and impact of the World Service's programmes on listeners living in the Eastern bloc countries. In doing so, it traces the evolution of overseas broadcasting from Britain alongside the political, diplomatic and fiscal challenges that the country faced right up to the Suez crisis and the 1956 Hungarian uprising. These were defining experiences for the United Kingdom's international broadcaster that, as a consequence, helped shape and define the BBC World Service as we know it today. London Calling is an important study for anyone interested in the media and foreign policy histories of Great Britain or the history of the Cold War more generally\"-- Provided by publisher.

Diasporas and Diplomacy analyzes the exercise of British 'soft power' through the BBC's foreign language services, and the diplomatic role played by their diasporic broadcasters. The book offers the first historical and comparative analysis of the 'corporate cosmopolitanism' that has characterized the work of the BBC's international services since the inception of its Empire Service in 1932 - from radio to the Internet. A series of empirically-grounded case studies, within a shared analytical framework, interrogate transformations in international broadcasting relating to: colonialism and corporate cosmopolitanism diasporic and national identities public diplomacy and international relations broadcasters and audiences The book will be of interest to students and scholars of sociology and anthropology, media and cultural studies, journalism, history, politics, international relations, as well as of research methods that cross the boundaries between the Social Sciences and Humanities. It will also appeal to broadcast journalists and practioners of strategic communication.

The Second World War had radically changed the focus of the BBC's overseas operation from providing an imperial service in English only, to that of a global broadcaster speaking to the world in over forty different languages. The end of that conflict saw the BBC's External Services, as they became known, re-engineered for a world at peace, but it was not long before splits in the international community caused the postwar geopolitical landscape to shift, plunging the world into a cold war. At the British government's insistence a re-calibration of the External Services' broadcasting remit was undertaken, particularly in its broadcasts to Central and Eastern Europe, to adapt its output to this new and emerging world order. Broadcasting was seen at the time as an essential adjunct to Britain's non-shooting war with the Soviet Union and a primary means of engaging with attitudes and opinion behind the Iron Curtain. Funded by government Grant-in-Aid, but with its editorial independence enshrined in the BBC's Charter, Licence and Agreement, this thesis examines, in the context of the cold war, where the balance of power lay in relations between Whitehall and the External Services. In doing so, it traces the evolution of overseas broadcasting from Britain, alongside the political, diplomatic and fiscal challenges facing it, up to the 1956 Hungarian uprising and Suez crisis. These were defining experiences for the United Kingdom's international broadcaster that, as a consequence, helped shape the future the External Services for the rest of the cold war.

The rise of the Solidarity movement in the early 1980s reflected a period of great change in domestic politics which prefigured a renewed surge of opposition to communist control in Central and Eastern Europe. A decade later, this would contribute to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. The explicit nature of civil discontent in Polish society challenged the legitimacy and authority of the Polish government resulting in a period of profound political intensity and one of growing anxiety as the bloodied spectres of Soviet repression in Hungary in 1956 and in Czechoslovakia in 1968 hung over proceedings.

The BBC World Service has derived much of its intellectual, creative and diplomatic significance from the diasporic broadcasters who have been at the heart of the BBC's foreign language services. Yet, across 80 years of overseas broadcasting they have remained largely absent from the public understanding of the World Service (including the BBC's narration of its own corporate story) and have not been accorded the kind of academic attention which they merit. This book seeks to redress these lacunae and to make visible the roles played by successive waves of exiled, refugee, dissident and migrant intellectuals and writers who, once assembled at Bush House, the London home of the World Service for over 70 years, helped to establish and renew the BBC's reputation as one of the world's most credible international broadcasters (Mansell 1982; Tusa 1992; Walker 1992). This reputation for trustworthiness holds today in many parts of the world despite British government funding through a parliamentary grant-inaid administered by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) 1 that prescribes where, when and in which languages the BBC broadcasts - and in so doing defines the parameters of its diplomatic functions (Gillespie, Webb and Mackay 2011; BBC Advertising 2011; BBC Trust 2007). 2 This book analyses the relationship between the diasporic engagements and diplomatic imperatives that have shaped the BBC World Service.

Political transitions often trigger substantial environmental changes. In particular, deforestation can result from the complex interplay among the components of a system—actors, institutions, and existing policies—adapting to new opportunities. A dynamic conceptual map of system components is particularly useful for systems in which multiple actors, each with different worldviews and motivations, may be simultaneously trying to alter different facets of the system, unaware of the impacts on other components. In Myanmar, a global biodiversity hotspot with the largest forest area in mainland Southeast Asia, ongoing political and economic reforms are likely to change the dynamics of deforestation drivers. A fundamental conceptual map of these dynamics is therefore a prerequisite for interventions to reduce deforestation. We used a system-dynamics approach and causal-network analysis to determine the proximate causes and underlying drivers of forest loss and degradation in Myanmar from 1995 to 2016 and to articulate the linkages among them. Proximate causes included infrastructure development, timber extraction, and agricultural expansion. These were stimulated primarily by formal agricultural, logging, mining, and hydropower concessions and economic investment and social issues relating to civil war and land tenure. Reform of land laws, the link between natural resource extraction and civil war, and the allocation of agricultural concessions will influence the extent of future forest loss and degradation in Myanmar. The causal-network analysis identified priority areas for policy interventions, for example, creating a public registry of land-concession holders to deter corruption in concession allocation. We recommend application of this analytical approach to other countries, particularly those undergoing political transition, to inform policy interventions to reduce forest loss and degradation. Las transiciones políticas comúnmente desencadenan cambios ambientales sustanciales. Particularmente, la deforestación puede resultar de una interacción compleja entre los componentes de un sistema - actores，instituciones y políticas existentes - que se están adaptando a oportunidades nuevas. Un mapa conceptual dinámico de los componentes de un sistema es particularmente útil para los sistemas en los que múltiples actores, cada uno con formas de ver la vida y motivaciones diferentes，pueden estar intentando simultáneamente de alterar las facetas diferentes del sistema, sin conocer los impactos sobre los otros componentes. En Myanmar, un punto caliente de biodiversidad global con una de las áreas forestales más extensas del sureste asiático continental，las continuas reformas políticas y económicas tienen la probabilidad de cambiar la dinámica de los conductores de la deforestación. Por lo tanto, un mapa conceptual fundamental de esta dinámica es un prerrequisito para las intervenciones que buscarán reducir la deforestación. Usamos una estrategia de dinámica de sistemas y un análisis de red causal para determinar las causas proximales y los conductores subyacentes de la pérdida y degradación del bosque en M yanm ar de 1995 a 2016 y para articular las conexiones entre ellos. Las causas proximales incluyeron al desarrollo de infraestructura, la extracción de madera y la expansión agrícola. Estas cansas estuvieron estimuladas principalmente por las concesiones formales de agricultura, tala, minería y de energía hidráulica y la inversión económica y los temas sociales relacionados con la guerra civil y la tenencia. La reforma de las leyes del suelo，la conexión entre la extracción de recursos naturales y la guerra civil, y la asignación de concesiones agrícolas influirán sobre la extensión de la futura pérdida y degradación de los bosques en Myanmar. El análisis de red causal identificó áreas prioritarias para las intervenciones políticas, por ejemplo, creando así un registro público de concesionarios de tierras para disuadir la corrupción en la asignación de concesiones. Recomendamos la aplicación de esta estrategia analítica en otros países particularmente aquellos pasando por una transición política, para informar a las intervenciones políticas para reducir la pérdida y degradación del bosque.

Robust quantitative estimates of land use and land cover change are necessary to develop policy solutions and interventions aimed towards sustainable land management. Here, we evaluated the combination of Landsat and L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data to estimate land use/cover change in the dynamic tropical landscape of Tanintharyi, southern Myanmar. We classified Landsat and L-band SAR data, specifically Japan Earth Resources Satellite (JERS-1) and Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2 (ALOS-2/PALSAR-2), using Random Forests classifier to map and quantify land use/cover change transitions between 1995 and 2015 in the Tanintharyi Region. We compared the classification accuracies of single versus combined sensor data, and assessed contributions of optical and radar layers to classification accuracy. Combined Landsat and L-band SAR data produced the best overall classification accuracies (92.96% to 93.83%), outperforming individual sensor data (91.20% to 91.93% for Landsat-only; 56.01% to 71.43% for SAR-only). Radar layers, particularly SAR-derived textures, were influential predictors for land cover classification, together with optical layers. Landscape change was extensive (16,490 km2; 39% of total area), as well as total forest conversion into agricultural plantations (3214 km2). Gross forest loss (5133 km2) in 1995 was largely from conversion to shrubs/orchards and tree (oil palm, rubber) plantations, and gross gains in oil palm (5471 km2) and rubber (4025 km2) plantations by 2015 were mainly from conversion of shrubs/orchards and forests. Analysis of combined Landsat and L-band SAR data provides an improved understanding of the associated drivers of agricultural plantation expansion and the dynamics of land use/cover change in tropical forest landscapes.