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"Weber, Daniel"
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Fourteen-year-old Stephanie Harrington and her fellow Provisional Forest Rangers on the planet Sphinx must prevent disaster from befalling a treecat clan caught in a blaze while preserving the secret that the treecats of Sphinx are highly intelligent and deserving of rights that some would deny them.
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Coexisting ferromagnetic–antiferromagnetic state in twisted bilayer CrI3
Moiré engineering1–3 of van der Waals magnetic materials4–9 can yield new magnetic ground states via competing interactions in moiré superlattices10–13. Theory predicts a suite of interesting phenomena, including multiflavour magnetic states10, non-collinear magnetic states10–13, moiré magnon bands and magnon networks14 in twisted bilayer magnetic crystals, but so far such non-trivial magnetic ground states have not emerged experimentally. Here, by utilizing the stacking-dependent interlayer exchange interactions in two-dimensional magnetic materials15–18, we demonstrate a coexisting ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AF) ground state in small-twist-angle CrI3 bilayers. The FM–AF state transitions to a collinear FM ground state above a critical twist angle of about 3°. The coexisting FM and AF domains result from a competition between the interlayer AF coupling, which emerges in the monoclinic stacking regions of the moiré superlattice, and the energy cost for forming FM–AF domain walls. Our observations are consistent with the emergence of a non-collinear magnetic ground state with FM and AF domains on the moiré length scale10–13. We further employ the doping dependence of the interlayer AF interaction to control the FM–AF state by electrically gating a bilayer sample. These experiments highlight the potential to create complex magnetic ground states in twisted bilayer magnetic crystals, and may find application in future gate-voltage-controllable high-density magnetic memory storage.In moiré superlattice van der Waals magnetic materials, competing interactions emerge and can stabilize new magnetic states. Here, stacking-dependent interlayer exchange interactions in small-twist-angle CrI3 bilayers yield an ordered ground state with coexisting ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic regions.
Journal Article
Identification of miRNA-103 in the Cellular Fraction of Human Peripheral Blood as a Potential Biomarker for Malignant Mesothelioma – A Pilot Study
To date, no biomarkers with reasonable sensitivity and specificity for the early detection of malignant mesothelioma have been described. The use of microRNAs (miRNAs) as minimally-invasive biomarkers has opened new opportunities for the diagnosis of cancer, primarily because they exhibit tumor-specific expression profiles and have been commonly observed in blood of both cancer patients and healthy controls. The aim of this pilot study was to identify miRNAs in the cellular fraction of human peripheral blood as potential novel biomarkers for the detection of malignant mesothelioma.
Using oligonucleotide microarrays for biomarker identification the miRNA levels in the cellular fraction of human peripheral blood of mesothelioma patients and asbestos-exposed controls were analyzed. Using a threefold expression change in combination with a significance level of p<0.05, miR-103 was identified as a potential biomarker for malignant mesothelioma. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used for validation of miR-103 in 23 malignant mesothelioma patients, 17 asbestos-exposed controls, and 25 controls from the general population. For discrimination of mesothelioma patients from asbestos-exposed controls a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 71% were calculated, and for discrimination of mesothelioma patients from the general population a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 76%.
The results of this pilot study show that miR-103 is characterized by a promising sensitivity and specificity and might be a potential minimally-invasive biomarker for the diagnosis of mesothelioma. In addition, our results support the concept of using the cellular fraction of human blood for biomarker discovery. However, for early detection of malignant mesothelioma the feasibility of miR-103 alone or in combination with other biomarkers needs to be analyzed in a prospective study.
Journal Article
Deterministic switching of a perpendicularly polarized magnet using unconventional spin–orbit torques in WTe2
Spin–orbit torque (SOT)-driven deterministic control of the magnetic state of a ferromagnet with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy is key to next-generation spintronic applications including non-volatile, ultrafast and energy-efficient data-storage devices. However, field-free deterministic switching of perpendicular magnetization remains a challenge because it requires an out-of-plane antidamping torque, which is not allowed in conventional spin-source materials such as heavy metals and topological insulators due to the system’s symmetry. The exploitation of low-crystal symmetries in emergent quantum materials offers a unique approach to achieve SOTs with unconventional forms. Here we report an experimental realization of field-free deterministic magnetic switching of a perpendicularly polarized van der Waals magnet employing an out-of-plane antidamping SOT generated in layered WTe
2
, a quantum material with a low-symmetry crystal structure. Our numerical simulations suggest that the out-of-plane antidamping torque in WTe
2
is essential to explain the observed magnetization switching.
The authors show that an out-of-plane antidamping spin–orbit torque can produce a sizeable change in the switching dynamics of a magnetic layer with perpendicular anisotropy.
Journal Article
Combination of MiR-103a-3p and Mesothelin Improves the Biomarker Performance of Malignant Mesothelioma Diagnosis
For the detection of malignant mesothelioma no single biomarker with reasonable sensitivity and specificity has been described so far. Mesothelin, the most prominent blood-based biomarker, is characterized by high specificity but low sensitivity. It might be reasonable to combine biomarkers of different molecular classes in order to improve the overall performance. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of the combination of mesothelin and miR-103a-3p as blood-based biomarker for mesothelioma.
Mesothelin concentration in plasma and miR-103a-3p levels in the cellular blood fraction were analyzed in 43 male mesothelioma patients and 52 male controls formerly exposed to asbestos. For the discrimination of epithelioid and biphasic mesothelioma from asbestos-exposed controls mesothelin and miR-103a-3p showed 74% and 89% sensitivity and 85% and 63% specificity, respectively. For the combination of mesothelin and miR-103a-3p a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 81% were calculated.
The results of this study show that the combination of mesothelin and miR-103a-3p improves the diagnostic performance of individual blood-based biomarker to detect malignant mesothelioma. The obtained results indicate that the use of biomarkers of different molecular classes might be a reasonable approach to assemble a biomarker panel.
Journal Article
RIANN—A Robust Neural Network Outperforms Attitude Estimation Filters
Inertial-sensor-based attitude estimation is a crucial technology in various applications, from human motion tracking to autonomous aerial and ground vehicles. Application scenarios differ in characteristics of the performed motion, presence of disturbances, and environmental conditions. Since state-of-the-art attitude estimators do not generalize well over these characteristics, their parameters must be tuned for the individual motion characteristics and circumstances. We propose RIANN, a ready-to-use, neural network-based, parameter-free, real-time-capable inertial attitude estimator, which generalizes well across different motion dynamics, environments, and sampling rates, without the need for application-specific adaptations. We gather six publicly available datasets of which we exploit two datasets for the method development and the training, and we use four datasets for evaluation of the trained estimator in three different test scenarios with varying practical relevance. Results show that RIANN outperforms state-of-the-art attitude estimation filters in the sense that it generalizes much better across a variety of motions and conditions in different applications, with different sensor hardware and different sampling frequencies. This is true even if the filters are tuned on each individual test dataset, whereas RIANN was trained on completely separate data and has never seen any of these test datasets. RIANN can be applied directly without adaptations or training and is therefore expected to enable plug-and-play solutions in numerous applications, especially when accuracy is crucial but no ground-truth data is available for tuning or when motion and disturbance characteristics are uncertain. We made RIANN publicly available.
Journal Article
Multi-receiver solid-state NMR using polarization optimized experiments (POE) at ultrafast magic angle spinning
Ultrafast magic angle spinning (MAS) technology and 1H detection have dramatically enhanced the sensitivity of solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy of biopolymers. We previously showed that, when combined with polarization optimized experiments (POE), these advancements enable the simultaneous acquisition of multi-dimensional 1H- or 13C-detected experiments using a single receiver. Here, we propose a new sub-class within the POE family, namely HC-DUMAS, HC-MEIOSIS, and HC-MAeSTOSO, that utilize dual receiver technology for the simultaneous detection of 1H and 13C nuclei. We also expand this approach to record 1H-, 13C-, and 15N-detected homonuclear 2D spectra simultaneously using three independent receivers. The combination of POE and multi-receiver technology will further shorten the total experimental time of ssNMR experiments for biological solids.
Journal Article
Distinct magneto-Raman signatures of spin-flip phase transitions in CrI3
The discovery of 2-dimensional (2D) materials, such as CrI
3
, that retain magnetic ordering at monolayer thickness has resulted in a surge of both pure and applied research in 2D magnetism. Here, we report a magneto-Raman spectroscopy study on multilayered CrI
3
, focusing on two additional features in the spectra that appear below the magnetic ordering temperature and were previously assigned to high frequency magnons. Instead, we conclude these modes are actually zone-folded phonons. We observe a striking evolution of the Raman spectra with increasing magnetic field applied perpendicular to the atomic layers in which clear, sudden changes in intensities of the modes are attributed to the interlayer ordering changing from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic at a critical magnetic field. Our work highlights the sensitivity of the Raman modes to weak interlayer spin ordering in CrI
3
.
Thin samples CrI
3
exhibit a phase transition under an applied magnetic field from layered antiferromagnetism to ferromagnetism. Here the authors observe an associated abrupt change in the magneto-Raman spectra, illustrating the sensitivity of Raman spectra to magnetic ordering.
Journal Article
Rational strain engineering in delafossite oxides for highly efficient hydrogen evolution catalysis in acidic media
The rational design of hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalysts that can compete with platinum is an outstanding challenge in the process of designing viable power-to-gas technologies. Here, we introduce delafossites as a family of hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalysts in acidic media. We show that, in PdCoO
2
, the inherently strained Pd metal sublattice acts as a pseudomorphic template for the growth of a tensile-strained Pd-rich capping layer under reductive conditions. The surface modification ranges up to 400 nm and continuously improves the electrocatalytic activity by simultaneously increasing the exchange current density and by reducing the Tafel slope down to 38 mV dec
−1
, leading to overpotentials
η
10
< 15 mV. The improved activity is attributed to the operando stabilization of a β-PdH
x
phase with enhanced surface catalytic properties with respect to pure or nanostructured palladium. These findings illustrate how operando-induced electrodissolution can be used as a top-down design concept through the strain-stabilized formation of catalytically active phases.
The rational design of catalysts is crucial to make power-to-X technologies viable. Here the authors introduce the delafossite PdCoO
2
as a highly active hydrogen evolution reaction catalyst due to the growth of a tensile-strained Pd-rich capping layer under reductive conditions. Image credit: Christop Hohmann.
Journal Article
Assessment of miR-103a-3p in leukocytes—No diagnostic benefit in combination with the blood-based biomarkers mesothelin and calretinin for malignant pleural mesothelioma diagnosis
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a cancer associated with asbestos exposure and its diagnosis is challenging due to the moderate sensitivities of the available methods. In this regard, miR-103a-3p was considered to increase the sensitivity of established biomarkers to detect MPM. Its behavior and diagnostic value in the Mexican population has not been previously evaluated. In 108 confirmed MPM cases and 218 controls, almost all formerly exposed to asbestos, we quantified miR-103-3a-3p levels in leukocytes using quantitative Real-Time PCR, together with mesothelin and calretinin measured in plasma by ELISA. Sensitivity and specificity of miR-103-3a-3p alone and in combination with mesothelin and calretinin were determined. Bivariate analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman correlation. Non-conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate the area under curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity for the combination of biomarkers. Mesothelin and calretinin levels were higher among cases, remaining as well among males and participants ≤60 years old (only mesothelin). Significant differences for miR-103a-3p were observed between male cases and controls, whereas significant differences between cases and controls for mesothelin and calretinin were observed in men and women. At 95.5% specificity the individual sensitivity of miR-103a-3p was 4.4% in men, whereas the sensitivity of mesothelin and calretinin was 72.2% and 80.9%, respectively. Positive correlations for miR-103a-3p were observed with age, environmental asbestos exposure, years with diabetes mellitus, and glucose levels, while negative correlations were observed with years of occupational asbestos exposure, creatinine, erythrocytes, direct bilirubin, and leukocytes. The addition of miR-103a-3p to mesothelin and calretinin did not increase the diagnostic performance for MPM diagnosis. However, miR-103a-3p levels were correlated with several characteristics in the Mexican population.
Journal Article