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مبادئ الحكم في الصين القديمة
يتناول كتاب (مبادئ الحكم في الصين القديمة) والذي قامه بتأليفه (وي تشينغ) في حوالي (211) صفحة من القطع المتوسط موضوع (تاريخ الصين قديم) مستعرضا المحتويات التالية : قبل أكثر من ألف وربعمائة عام، أصدر الإمبراطور تاي تسونغ إمبراطور أسرة تانغ الملكية (618-907) مرسوما بأن يجمع أربعة من أشهر علماء الصين وسياسييها وأمهرهم وقتها المعارف التاريخية حول مبادئ الحكم الإمبراطوري من الكتب الكلاسيكية القديمة الستة، والمجموعات التاريخية الأربع، والمئات من مؤلفات المدارس الفكرية الصينية، وأن يرتبوها ويستخرجوا منها الدروس الاكثر اهمية حول تهذيب النفس وإصلاحها، وإدارة العائلة، والحكم الجيد للبلاد، وسبل جلب السلام للعالم. وكانت النتيجة مجموعة عنوانها \"تشيونشو تشيياو\" التي أقتبست بعناية من أربعة عشر ألف كتاب، وتسع وثمانين ألف مخطوطة من الكتابات القديمة، بإجمالي خمسمائة ألف فقرة مكتوبة، تغطي خمسة وشتين صنفا من الكتب. وقد ساعد هذا الكتاب الإمبراطور تاي سونغ والكثير من الأباطرة من بعده في أمور الحكم، ويعود الفضل في تحقيق الرخاء والسلام في المراحل اللاحقة بالصين القديمة بنسبة كبيرة إلى هذا الكتاب.
BOOK
Transcriptome and DNA methylation analyses provide insight into the heterosis of growth-related traits in hybrid yellow croaker
Background
Interspecific hybrid combinations of
Larimichthys crocea
×
Larimichthys polyactis
exhibit heterosis in terms of growth traits; however, the molecular regulatory mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. DNA methylation plays a pivotal role in regulating gene expression and is involved in growth and development processes. In this study, we comprehensively investigated intricate regulatory processes by integrating transcriptome and methylome datasets from brain, liver, and muscle tissues.
Results
We analyzed a total of 72 sequence datasets, including transcriptome and genome-wide DNA methylome data, from 36 tissue samples using LC, LP, LPC and LCP. We elucidated the distinct expression patterns of these four populations and examined their interactions with DNA methylation. Our findings revealed diverse DNA methylation profiles and demonstrated a greater number of hypo-DMRs in hybrid yellow croakers than in their parental lines. The majority (86 ~ 92%) of these DMRs were observed within the CG context. Moreover, we found that most DMRs were located within promoter regions as well as exons and introns. A total of 1288 DMEGs were identified through correlation analysis between DNA methylation and transcriptional activity. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that most of the DMEGs were significantly enriched in pathways related to the protein export pathway, proteasome, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, autophagy-other pathway. Furthermore, we screened candidate growth-related genes, such as
stat2
,
capn2
,
akt1
,
mTOR
, and
mef2aa
. Among these, the expression levels of
capn2
,
mTOR
, and
akt1
exhibited a positive correlation with DNA methylation levels, whereas the expression levels of
stat2
and
mef2aa
showed a negative correlation. These findings suggest that alterations in DNA methylation patterns may promote growth advantages in hybrid yellow croaker by modulating the expression of these genes.
Conclusions
Epigenetic changes exert distinct influences on genes related to growth heterosis. The presented data establish a foundation for comprehending the epigenetic and transcriptomic alterations underlying the growth of hybrid yellow croaker, thereby providing preliminary insights into the molecular mechanisms of growth heterosis. These findings have significant implications for breeding programs aimed at enhancing yellow croaker production.
Journal Article
Decarboxylative alkenylation
Starting with alkyl carboxylic acids, a simple olefin synthesis using any substitution pattern or geometry, based on amide-bond synthesis with nickel- or iron-based catalysis, is described.
Simplified olefin synthesis
Olefins are ubiquitous functional groups in organic chemistry and are typically installed in small molecules by the formation of a carbon–carbon double bond. Here, Phil Baran and colleagues report a decarboxylative alkyl-vinyl cross-coupling that offers a cheap and simple route to olefins with defined geometry and substitution pattern. The nickel or iron catalysts extract carbon dioxide from the carboxylic acid, which is activated in a similar way to peptide-bond formation. The alkene is then attached with a vinyl zinc reagent. The authors exemplify their method by preparing more than 60 olefins and synthesizing 16 natural products. One such example offers a short route to macrocyclic polyketides from the commodity chemical diethyl tartrate.
Olefin chemistry, through pericyclic reactions, polymerizations, oxidations, or reductions, has an essential role in the manipulation of organic matter
1
. Despite its importance, olefin synthesis still relies largely on chemistry introduced more than three decades ago, with metathesis
2
being the most recent addition. Here we describe a simple method of accessing olefins with any substitution pattern or geometry from one of the most ubiquitous and variegated building blocks of chemistry: alkyl carboxylic acids. The activating principles used in amide-bond synthesis can therefore be used, with nickel- or iron-based catalysis, to extract carbon dioxide from a carboxylic acid and economically replace it with an organozinc-derived olefin on a molar scale. We prepare more than 60 olefins across a range of substrate classes, and the ability to simplify retrosynthetic analysis is exemplified with the preparation of 16 different natural products across 10 different families.
Journal Article
Preparation of albumin nanospheres loaded with gemcitabine and their cytotoxicity against BXPC-3 cells in vitro
Aim： To optimize formulation methods for loading gemcitabine （GEM）, the main drug against pancreatic cancer, into albumin nanoparticles for extended blood circulation and improved efficacy. Methods： GEM was loaded into two sizes of disolvation-crosslinked bovine serum albumin nanoparticles, with a mean diameter of 109.7 nm and 405.6 nm, respectively, by corecipitation （the direct method） and follow-up adsorption （the indirect method）. The antitumor activities of the two nanoparticulate formulations, were evaluated according to their anti-proliferative effects on the human pan- creatic cell line BXPC-3, which were assessed using the MTT assay. Results： The two nanoparticulate formulations, created by direct co-precipitation and indirect adsorption, possessed smooth surfaces and high drug loading efficiencies, 83% and 93% at 11% and 13% drug loading, respectively. The two formulations released GEM for 8 and 12 h, respectively, and significantly improved anti-BXPC-3 proliferation effects, as compared with the GEM solution and the drugfree albumin particles. Conclusion： Co-precipitating and adsorbing GEM into albumin particles resulted in sustained-release nanoparticulate formulations with improved antitumor cytotoxicity. The result suggests that this is a useful formulation strategy for improving the antitumor efficacy of GEM.
Journal Article
Thermoelectric Properties of Sn-Substituted AgPb^sub m^SbTe^sub m+2^ via the Route of Mechanical Alloying and Plasma-Activated Sintering
Issue Title: International Conference on Thermoelectrics 2011 Starting from elemental powders of Ag, Sn, Pb, Sb, and Te, Sn-substituted single-phase LAST (AgPb^sub m^SbTe^sub m+2^) materials were synthesized by a combined process of mechanical alloying and plasma-activated sintering. The effect of Sn content on thermoelectric (TE) properties of the Sn-substituted LAST materials was investigated in detail. With increase of Sn/Pb ratio, the fraction of SnTe in the (Pb,Sn)Te-based solid solution increased, and the lattice spacing decreased accordingly. The electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and power factor also increased with increasing substitutional Sn content. It was found that the composition AgPb^sub 9^Sn^sub 9^SbTe^sub 20^ had superior TE properties compared with other compositions, and the maximum ZT of 0.70 was achieved at 675 K for this composition.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Journal Article
Thermoelectric Properties of Sn-Substituted AgPbmSbTem+2 via the Route of Mechanical Alloying and Plasma-Activated Sintering
Starting from elemental powders of Ag, Sn, Pb, Sb, and Te, Sn-substituted single-phase LAST (AgPb
m
SbTe
m
+2
) materials were synthesized by a combined process of mechanical alloying and plasma-activated sintering. The effect of Sn content on thermoelectric (TE) properties of the Sn-substituted LAST materials was investigated in detail. With increase of Sn/Pb ratio, the fraction of SnTe in the (Pb,Sn)Te-based solid solution increased, and the lattice spacing decreased accordingly. The electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and power factor also increased with increasing substitutional Sn content. It was found that the composition AgPb
9
Sn
9
SbTe
20
had superior TE properties compared with other compositions, and the maximum
ZT
of 0.70 was achieved at 675 K for this composition.
Journal Article
Natural products possessing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B （PTP1B） inhibitory activity found in the last decades
This article provides an overview of approximately 300 secondary metabolites with inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B （PTP1B）, which were isolated from various natural sources or derived from synthetic process in the last decades. The structure-activity relationship and the selectivity of some compounds against other protein phosphatases were also discussed. Potential pharmaceutical applications of several PTP1B inhibitors were presented.
Journal Article
Progress and challenges in the use of latent HIV-1 reactivating agents
Highly active antiretroviral therapy （HAART） can effectively suppress the replication of human immunodeflciency virus-1 （HIV-1） and block disease progression. However, chronic HIV-1 infection remains incurable due to the persistence of a viral reservoir, including the transcriptionally silent provirus in CD4＋ memory T cells and the sanctuary sites that are inaccessible to drugs. Reactivation and the subsequent elimination of latent virus through virus-specific cytotoxic effects or host immune responses are critical strategies for combating the disease. Indeed, a number of latency reactivating reagents have been identified through mechanism-directed approaches and large-scale screening, including： （1） histone deacetylase inhibitors （HDACi）; （2） cytokines and chemokines; （3） DNA methyltransferase inhibitors （DNMTI）; （4） histone methyltransferase inhibitors （HMTI）; （5） protein kinase C （PKC） activators; （6） P-TEFb activators; and （7） unclassified agents, such as disulfram. They have proved to be efficacious in latent cell line models and CD4＊ T lymphocytes from HIV-l-infected patients. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent progress and relative challenges in this field.
Journal Article
Effects of rosuvastatin on the production and activation of matrixmetalloproteinase-2 and migration of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells induced by homocysteine
Objective： To test the influence of homocysteine on the production and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 （MMP-2） and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-2 （TIMP-2） and on cell migration of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells （VSMCs）. Also, to explore whether rosuvastatin can alter the abnormal secretion and activation of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 and migration of VSMCs induced by homocysteine. Methods： Rat VSMCs were incubated with different concentrations of homocysteine （50-5000 μmol/L）. Western blotting and gelatin zymography were used to investigate the expressions and activities of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in VSMCs in culture medium when induced with homocysteine for 24, 48, and 72 h. Transwell chambers were employed to test the migratory ability of VSMCs when incubated with homocysteine for 48 h. Different concentrations of rosuvastatin （10^-9-10^-5 mol/L） were added when VSMCs were induced with 1 000 pmol/L homocysteine. The expressions and activities of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were examined after incubating for 24, 48, and 72 h, and the migration of VSMCs was also examined after incubating for 48 h. Results： Homocysteine （50-1000 μmol/L） increased the production and activation of MMP-2 and expression of TIMP-2 in a dose-dependent manner. However, when incubated with 5000 pmol/L homocysteine, the expression of MMP-2 was up-regulated, but its activity was down-regulated. Increased homocysteine-induced production and ac- tivation of MMP-2 were reduced by rosuvastatin in a dose-dependent manner whereas secretion of TIMP-2 was not significantly altered by rosuvastatin. Homocysteine （50-5000 μmol/L） stimulated the migration of VSMCs in a dose-dependent manner, but this effect was eliminated by rosuvastatin. Conclusions： Homocysteine （50-1000 μmol/L） significantly increased the production and activation of MMP-2, the expression of TIMP-2, and the migration of VSMCs in a dose-dependent manner. Additional extracellular rosuvastatin can decrease the excessive expression and acti- vation of MMP-2 and abnormal migration of VSMCs induced by homocysteine.
Journal Article