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The Zn/Cr-MOFs/TiO2 composites were synthesized using the solvothermal method. XRD, FTIR, and SEM techniques were utilized to characterize the Zn/Cr-MOFs/TiO2 composites employed for simulating levofloxacin hydrochloride in wastewater. The impact of the mass of the Zn/Cr-MOFs/TiO2 composite, concentration of levofloxacin hydrochloride, solution pH, and temperature on the adsorption performance was investigated. Experimental findings indicated that at pH 6, the maximum removal efficiency of levofloxacin hydrochloride by the Zn/Cr-MOFs/TiO2 composite was achieved at 88.8%, with an adsorption capacity of 246.3 mg/g. To analyze the experimental data, both pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics models were applied, revealing that the pseudo-second-order model provided a better fit to the data. Additionally, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to study equilibrium adsorption behavior and showed good agreement with both kinetic modeling and Langmuir isotherm analysis results. These observations suggest that monolayer adsorption predominates during the removal process of levofloxacin hydrochloride by Zn/Cr-MOFs/TiO2 composites.

In this study, Co/Cd-MOFs were synthesized via a solvothermal method. The resulting material was subjected to calcination at 900 °C for 2 h and characterized using FT-IR, XRD, and SEM techniques to assess its efficacy in moxifloxacin removal. The experimental findings revealed that the maximum adsorption capacity of Co/Cd-MOFs for moxifloxacin was observed at 350.4 mg/g within a 5 h timeframe. Furthermore, the analysis based on the pseudo-second-order kinetic model demonstrated that the adsorption process adhered to this specific model. Additionally, the adsorption isotherm analysis indicated that Freundlich multilayer adsorption provided the best description of the interaction between moxifloxacin and the Co/Cd-MOF material. These experimental and theoretical results collectively suggest that employing Co/Cd-MOFs as adsorbents holds promise for wastewater treatment applications.

Graphene oxide/metal-organic frameworks (GO/MOFs) have been prepared via solvothermal synthesis with ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, zirconium acetate and terephthalic acid for the purpose of removing organic pollutants from wastewater. The composites were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectrometry, and XRD. Tetracycline hydrochloride and orange II were implemented as model pollutants to evaluate the efficacy of the GO/MOFs in water purification, in which 50 mg of Zr/Fe-MOFs/GO was mixed with 100 mL of 10 mg/L, 20 mg/L, 30 mg/L, or 50 mg/L tetracycline hydrochloride solution and 25 mg/L, 35 mg/L, 45 mg/L, or 60 mg/L orange II solution, respectively. The removal efficacy after 4 hours was determined to be 96.1%, 75.8%, 55.4%, and 30.1%, and 98.8%, 91.9%, 71.1%, and 66.2%, respectively. The kinetics of pollutant removal was investigated for both tetracycline hydrochloride and orange II and excellent correlation coefficients of greater than 0.99 were obtained. The high efficacy of these MOFs in pollutant removal, coupled with their inexpensive preparation indicates the feasibility of their implementation in strategies for treating waste liquid. As such, it is anticipated that Zr/Fe-MOFs/GO composites will be widely applied in wastewater purification.

This work studies the use of Fe/Ni-MOFs for the removal of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in wastewater. Fe/Ni-MOFs are prepared by the solvothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and a thermal gravimetric analyzer (TG). Under the conditions of the concentration of 50 ppm, a mass of 30 mg, and a temperature of 30 °C, the maximum adsorption capacity of ciprofloxacin removal within 5 h was 232.1 mg/g. The maximum removal rate was 94.8% when 40 mg of the Fe/Ni-MOFs was added to the solution of 10 ppm ciprofloxacin. According to the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model, the R2 values were all greater than 0.99, which proved that the adsorption theory of ciprofloxacin by Fe/Ni-MOFs was consistent with the practice. The adsorption results were mainly affected by solution pH and static electricity, as well as other factors. The Freundlich isotherm model characterized the adsorption of ciprofloxacin by Fe/Ni-MOFs as multilayer adsorption. The above results indicated that Fe/Ni-MOFs were effective in the practical application of ciprofloxacin removal.

Using a microwave-assisted ball-milling approach, Fe-based metal-organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) were prepared from FeSO4·7H2O and trimesic acid. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray, and thermogravimetric analysis were utilized to characterize the thermal stability and structure of the prepared Fe-MOFs. These Fe-MOFs were used to remove organic dyes from aqueous solutions. Specifically, they removed 96.97% of 23.3592 mg/L of Congo red in a 200 mL solution within 300 min of treatment with natural light at 15 °C. Likewise, 88.21 and 70.90% of 22.7527 mg/L of Orange II and 17.8326 mg/L of Rhodamine B, respectively, were removed from 200 mL solutions within 300 min of treatment at 15 °C. At 35 °C, 99.57, 95.98, and 99.38% of 23.3855 mg/L of Congo Red, 22.7365 mg/L of Orange II, and 17.9973 mg/L of Rhodamine B, respectively, were removed from 200 mL solutions within 300 min of treatment. The adsorption kinetics were investigated and the pseudo-first-order kinetic model was found to be superior to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Overall, using metal-organic frameworks to treat dye wastewater was found to be inexpensive, feasible, and efficient. Therefore, this material has future prospects in research and applications in the purification of wastewater.

Fe-MOFs were prepared using a solvothermal method, and were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. We explored the application of Fe-MOFs as an adsorbing material for the removal of Rhodamine B (RhB) from aqueous solutions. The experimental data were simulated by dynamics and the results showed that the pseudo–second-order kinetics model was appropriate for analysis of RhB removal. We studied the adsorption capacity of MOF materials under different masses, concentrations, and pH conditions. When the pH was 6, the maximum adsorption capacity within 4 h was 135 mg/g. In summation, the removal of RhB from wastewater using MOFs is feasible, inexpensive, and effective. Hence, our findings indicate that MOFs have a broad application in the purification of wastewater.

Red mud, a bauxite residue generated during alumina production through the Bayer process, contains oxides of Fe, Ti, Al, Mn, and rare earths, and has a latent performance for catalytic removal of phenol. We proposed a novel and facile approach for red mud modification by the reduction of oxalic acid and l -ascorbic acid in the acidic solution. By surveying characteristics of modified red mud and influencing factors of phenol removal, the optimum experiment conditions and the possible mechanism were explored, respectively. The results demonstrated that RO2V2 (treated red mud using 2 g of oxalic acid dehydrate and 2 g of l -ascorbic acid) and RO3V3 (treated red mud using 3 g of oxalic acid dehydrate and 3 g of l -ascorbic acid) showed the most efficient catalytic capacity for the phenol removal and removal efficiency of over 99.1% for the 200 mg/L of phenol solution within 5 min among investigated catalysts with the pH decreasing from 6.7 to 3. The excellent catalytic performance of modified red mud profited from the production of Fe 3 O 4 , Fe 2 O 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 SiO 4 , and FeTiO 3 in the catalysts. It was motivating for removal of phenol to increase the dosage of catalyst and H 2 O 2 . The rate constants of the pseudo-first-order kinetics model of RO2V2 and RO3V3 were 1.0 and 1.073, respectively. The results of continuous experiments provided a positive reference for a future pilot scale test.

The Zn/Cr-MOFs/TiO[sub.2] composites were synthesized using the solvothermal method. XRD, FTIR, and SEM techniques were utilized to characterize the Zn/Cr-MOFs/TiO[sub.2] composites employed for simulating levofloxacin hydrochloride in wastewater. The impact of the mass of the Zn/Cr-MOFs/TiO[sub.2] composite, concentration of levofloxacin hydrochloride, solution pH, and temperature on the adsorption performance was investigated. Experimental findings indicated that at pH 6, the maximum removal efficiency of levofloxacin hydrochloride by the Zn/Cr-MOFs/TiO[sub.2] composite was achieved at 88.8%, with an adsorption capacity of 246.3 mg/g. To analyze the experimental data, both pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics models were applied, revealing that the pseudo-second-order model provided a better fit to the data. Additionally, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to study equilibrium adsorption behavior and showed good agreement with both kinetic modeling and Langmuir isotherm analysis results. These observations suggest that monolayer adsorption predominates during the removal process of levofloxacin hydrochloride by Zn/Cr-MOFs/TiO[sub.2] composites.

Aiming at the shortcomings of the traditional PID control method that the parameters cannot be adjusted flexible, an improved Actor-Critic reinforcement learning algorithm combined with incremental PID control is proposed to improve the control performance of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The strategy function of Actor and value function of Critic are approximated by two back propagation (BP) neural networks respectively. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has better control performance and effect than the traditional PID control method.