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"Wei, Lai"
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من أجلك مستقبلا : رسالة إلى ابنتي /
يطرح هذا الكتاب رسائل في مجال علم النفس التربوي تقدمها لنا الأديبة الصينية يان جيان لينغ عن طبيعة الفتاة وكيفية التعامل معها والطرق السليمة للتربية وذلك من خلال مواقف حياتية حقيقية تسردها بأسلوب أدبي شيق، ويعد ذلك الكتاب مفتاح الدخول إلى عالم الفتاة، لذا فهو مفيد لكل الآباء والأمهات في التعرف على طرق التربية الصحيحة.
Book
Nonsynonymous, synonymous and nonsense mutations in human cancer-related genes undergo stronger purifying selections than expectation
Background
Nonsynonymous mutations change the protein sequences and are frequently subjected to natural selection. The same goes for nonsense mutations that introduce pre-mature stop codons into CDSs (coding sequences). Synonymous mutations, however, are intuitively thought to be functionally silent and evolutionarily neutral. Now researchers know that the optimized synonymous codon usage is advantageous in the speedy mRNA translation process. With the advent of NGS technique, the explosion of NGS data generated from the tumor tissues help researchers identify driver mutations in cancer-related genes, but relatively less attention is paid to the SNP data in healthy human populations when studying cancer.
Methods
Here, we analyzed the publically available human SNPs. We classified these SNPs according to their functional and evolutionary categories. By simply dividing the human genes into cancer-related genes and other genes, we compared the features of nonsynonymous, synonymous and nonsense mutations in these two gene sets from multiple aspects.
Results
We provided lines of evidence that the nonsynonymous, synonymous and nonsense mutations in cancer-related genes undergo stronger purifying selection when compared to the expected pattern in other genes. The lower nonsynonymous to synonymous ratio observed in cancer-related genes suggests the suppression of amino acid substitutions in these genes. The synonymous SNPs, after excluding those in splicing regions, exhibit preferred changes in codon usage and higher codon frequencies in cancer-related genes compared to other genes, indicating the constraint exerted on these mutations. Nonsense mutations are less frequent and located closer to stop codons in cancer-related genes than in other genes, which putatively minimize their deleterious effects.
Conclusion
Our study demonstrated the evolutionary constraint on mutations in CDS of cancer-related genes without the requirement of data from cancer tissues or patients. Our work provides novel perspectives on interpreting the constraint on mutations in cancer-related genes. We reveal extra constraint on synonymous mutations in cancer-related genes which is related to codon usage bias and is in addition to the splicing effect.
Journal Article
من أجلك مستقبلا : رسالة إلى ابنتي
يطرح هذا الكتاب رسائل في مجال علم النفس التربوي تقدمها لنا الأديبة الصينية يان جيان لينغ عن طبيعة الفتاة وكيفية التعامل معها والطرق السليمة للتربية وذلك من خلال مواقف حياتية حقيقية تسردها بأسلوب أدبي شيق، ويعد ذلك الكتاب مفتاح الدخول إلى عالم الفتاة، لذا فهو مفيد لكل الآباء والأمهات في التعرف على طرق التربية الصحيحة.
Book
Atomic cobalt as an efficient electrocatalyst in sulfur cathodes for superior room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries
The low-cost room-temperature sodium-sulfur battery system is arousing extensive interest owing to its promise for large-scale applications. Although significant efforts have been made, resolving low sulfur reaction activity and severe polysulfide dissolution remains challenging. Here, a sulfur host comprised of atomic cobalt-decorated hollow carbon nanospheres is synthesized to enhance sulfur reactivity and to electrocatalytically reduce polysulfide into the final product, sodium sulfide. The constructed sulfur cathode delivers an initial reversible capacity of 1081 mA h g
−1
with 64.7% sulfur utilization rate; significantly, the cell retained a high reversible capacity of 508 mA h g
−1
at 100 mA g
−1
after 600 cycles. An excellent rate capability is achieved with an average capacity of 220.3 mA h g
−1
at the high current density of 5 A g
−1
. Moreover, the electrocatalytic effects of atomic cobalt are clearly evidenced by operando Raman spectroscopy, synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and density functional theory.
Room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries hold promise, but are hindered by low reversible capacity and fast capacity fade. Here the authors construct a multifunctional sulfur host comprised of cobalt-decorated carbon nanospheres that impart attractive performance as a cathode in a sodium sulfide battery.
Journal Article
Probiotics, prebiotics and amelioration of diseases
Dysbiosis of gut microbiota is closely related to occurrence of many important chronic inflammations-related diseases. So far the traditionally prescribed prebiotics and probiotics do not show significant impact on amelioration of these diseases in general. Thus the development of next generation prebiotics and probiotics designed to target specific diseases is urgently needed. In this review, we first make a brief introduction on current understandings of normal gut microbiota, microbiome, and their roles in homeostasis of mucosal immunity and gut integrity. Then, under the situation of microbiota dysbiosis, development of chronic inflammations in the intestine occurs, leading to leaky gut situation and systematic chronic inflammation in the host. These subsequently resulted in development of many important diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, liver inflammations, and other diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC), obesity-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD), the compromised lung immunity, and some on brain/neuro disorders. The strategy used to optimally implant the effective prebiotics, probiotics and the derived postbiotics for amelioration of the diseases is presented. While the effectiveness of these agents seems promising, additional studies are needed to establish recommendations for most clinical settings.
Journal Article
Role of gut microbiota in identification of novel TCM-derived active metabolites
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been extensively used to ameliorate diseases in Asia for over thousands of years. However, owing to a lack of formal scientific validation, the absence of information regarding the mechanisms underlying TCMs restricts their application. After oral administration, TCM herbal ingredients frequently are not directly absorbed by the host, but rather enter the intestine to be transformed by gut microbiota. The gut microbiota is a microbial community living in animal intestines, and functions to maintain host homeostasis and health. Increasing evidences indicate that TCM herbs closely affect gut microbiota composition, which is associated with the conversion of herbal components into active metabolites. These may significantly affect the therapeutic activity of TCMs. Microbiota analyses, in conjunction with modern multiomics platforms, can together identify novel functional metabolites and form the basis of future TCM research.
Journal Article
Next generation probiotics in disease amelioration
Studies on the role of gut commensal bacteria in health development have rapidly attracted much more attention beyond the classical pathogens over the last decade. Many important reports have highlighted the changes in the gut microbiota (dysbiosis) are closely related to development of intra- and extra-intestinal, chronic inflammation related diseases such as colitis, obesity/metabolic syndromes, diabetes mellitus, liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases and also cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. To circumvent these difficulties, the strategy of modulating the structure of the gut microbiota has been under intensive study and shed more light on amelioration of these inflammation related diseases. While traditional probiotics generally show marginal ameliorative effects, emerging next generation probiotics start to reveal as new preventive and therapeutic tools. Recent studies have unraveled many potential next generation probiotics (NGP). These include Prevotella copri and Christensenella minuta that control insulin resistance, Parabacteroides goldsteinii, Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron that reverse obesity and insulin resistance, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii that protects mice against intestinal diseases, and Bacteroides fragilis that reduces inflammation and shows anticancer effect. New agents will soon be revealed for targeted therapy on specific inflammation related diseases. The important roles of next generation probiotics and gut microbiota normobiosis on the maintenance of intestinal integrity and homeostasis are emphasized.
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•Role of gut commensal bacteria in health development and maintenance is very important.•Gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely related to development of chronic inflammation related disease.•Traditional probiotics generally show non-specific ameliorative effects.•Development of disease-specific NGP by next generation sequencing and bioinformatics is essential.•Many potential NGP are starting to be unraveled.
Journal Article
Selection On synonymous Mutations Revealed by 1135 Genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana
Synonymous mutations do not change the amino acid but do change the synonymous codon usage. In genomes of different organisms, the gene conversion process is biased toward GC, which is irrespective of mutation bias. In the coding region, this trend is especially obvious and it is possibly caused by the preference on G/C-ending codons over the A/T-ending ones. If the G/C-ending codons are advantageous, then the synonymous mutations that change A/T to G/C would be “optimal” compared to the opposite ones. In theory, one should observe signals of positive selection on these optimal synonymous mutations. The recently released single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from the 1001 genome project of Arabidopsis thaliana provided researchers with an unprecedented opportunity to verify this assumption. I fully take advantage of the SNP data from 1,135 A thaliana lines and came to the conclusion that synonymous mutations in natural populations are not strictly neutral: the synonymous mutations that increase GC content (from A/T to G/C) tend to have higher derived allele frequencies (DAFs) and, therefore, are likely to be positively selected. My current study broadens our knowledge of the selection patterns of synonymous mutations and should be appealing to evolutionary biologists.
One sentence summary: In 1135 genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana, the synonymous mutations that increase the GC content tend to have higher derived allele frequencies (DAFs) and are likely to be positively selected.
Journal Article
Deep Image Deblurring: A Survey
Image deblurring is a classic problem in low-level computer vision with the aim to recover a sharp image from a blurred input image. Advances in deep learning have led to significant progress in solving this problem, and a large number of deblurring networks have been proposed. This paper presents a comprehensive and timely survey of recently published deep-learning based image deblurring approaches, aiming to serve the community as a useful literature review. We start by discussing common causes of image blur, introduce benchmark datasets and performance metrics, and summarize different problem formulations. Next, we present a taxonomy of methods using convolutional neural networks (CNN) based on architecture, loss function, and application, offering a detailed review and comparison. In addition, we discuss some domain-specific deblurring applications including face images, text, and stereo image pairs. We conclude by discussing key challenges and future research directions.
Journal Article