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Victims and Survivors of Nazi Human Experiments
While the coerced human experiments are notorious among all the atrocities under National Socialism, they have been marginalised by mainstream historians. This book seeks to remedy the marginalisation, and to place the experiments in the context of the broad history of National Socialism and the Holocaust. Paul Weindling bases this study on the reconstruction of a victim group through individual victims’ life histories, and by weaving the victims’ experiences collectively together in terms of different groupings, especially gender, ethnicity and religion, age, and nationality. The timing of the experiments, where they occurred, how many victims there were, and who they were, is analysed, as are hitherto under-researched aspects such as Nazi anatomy and executions. The experiments are also linked, more broadly, to major elements in the dynamic and fluid Nazi power structure and the implementation of racial policies. The approach is informed by social history from below, exploring both the rationales and motives of perpetrators, but assessing these critically in the light of victim narratives.
eBook
The Dangers of White Supremacy: Nazi Sterilization and Its Mixed-Race Adolescent Victims
Mixed-race African German and Vietnamese German children were born around 1921, when troops drawn from the French colonial empire occupied the Rhineland. These children were forcibly sterilized in 1937. Racial anthropologists had denounced them as “Rhineland Bastards,” collected details on them, and persuaded the Nazi public health authorities to sterilize 385 of them. One of the adolescents later gave public interviews about his experiences. Apart from Hans Hauck, very few are known by name, and little is known about how their sterilization affected their lives. None of the 385 received compensation from the German state, either as victims of coerced sterilization or as victims of Nazi medical research. The concerned human geneticists went unprosecuted. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(2):248–254. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306593 )
Journal Article
Reassessing the Nuremberg Military Tribunals
For decades the history of the US Military Tribunals at Nuremberg (NMT) has been eclipsed by the first Nuremberg trial-the International Military Tribunal or IMT. The dominant interpretation-neatly summarized in the ubiquitous formula of \"Subsequent Trials\"-ignores the unique historical and legal character of the NMT trials, which differed significantly from that of their predecessor. The NMT trials marked a decisive shift both in terms of analysis of the Third Reich and conceptualization of international criminal law. This volume is the first comprehensive examination of the NMT and brings together diverse perspectives from the fields of law, history, and political science, exploring the genesis, impact, and legacy of the twelve Military Tribunals held at Nuremberg between 1946 and 1949.
eBook
The Holocaust, medicine and becoming a physician: the crucial role of education
Learning about the abandonment of moral principles of healthcare professionals and scientists, their societies and academic institutions, to a murderous ideology yields fundamental concerns and global implications for present and future healthcare professionals’ education and practice. Medicine’s worst-case scenario raises deeply disturbing yet essential questions in the here and now: Could the Holocaust, one of the greatest evils ever perpetrated on humankind, have occurred without the complicity of physicians, their societies, and the scientific profession community? How did healers become killers? Can it happen again?
We reflect here on those queries through the lens of the Second International Scholars Workshop on Medicine during the Holocaust and Beyond held in the Galilee, Israel on May 7–11, 2017 and derive contemporary global lessons for the healthcare professions. Following a brief historical background, implications of the history of medicine in the Holocaust are drawn including 1) awareness that the combination of hierarchy, obedience, and power constitutes a risk factor for abuse of power in medicine and 2) learning and teaching about medicine in the Holocaust and beyond is a powerful platform for supporting professional identity formation. As such, this history ideally can help “equip” learners with a moral compass for navigating the future of medical practice and inherent ethical challenges such as prejudice, assisted reproduction, resource allocation, obtaining valid informed consent, end of life care, and challenges of genomics and technology expansion. Curriculum modules are available and studies on impact on students’ attitudes and behavior are emerging.
The conference culminated with the launch of the Galilee Declaration, composed and signed by an international, inter-professional community of historians, healthcare professions educators, and ethicists. The Declaration included herein (
http://english.wgalil.ac.il/category/Declaration
) calls for curricula on history of healthcare professions in the Holocaust and its implications to be included in all healthcare professions education.
Journal Article
When did the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology Close?
Contrary to the view that the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology (KWIA) closed in 1945, this paper demonstrates that this Institute ceased to exist only later in 1948. The chemist Robert Havemann unsuccessfully tried to close the Institute in 1946. A well informed critique concerning Otmar von Verschuer’s links to Auschwitz caused considerable divisions of opinion. The biochemist Adolf Butenandt continued to support Verschuer. While the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft (KWG) and then Max Planck Gesellschaft (MPG) President Otto Hahn wished to exclude Otmar von Verschuer from the MPG, the compromise solution was to find a University chair for Verschuer with the endorsement of the highly protective MPG. Verschuer’s membership of the KWG lapsed when it was wound up in 1948, and at the same time the KWIA also ceased.
Journal Article
Defining disease
Chronic Disease in the Twentieth Century A HistoryGeorge Weisz Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014. 325 pp.
Journal Article
Defining disease Chronic Disease in the Twentieth Century A History George Weisz Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014. 325 pp
Paul Weindling welcomes a historical approach to the concept of chronic illness
Journal Article