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The purpose of this study was to examine psychological factors that may contribute to explain the link between maternal education and children’s school achievement. As explanatory factors, mothers’ self-transcendence values (i.e., altruism, tolerance, and social responsibility), maternal restrictive control, and children’s behavior regulation were studied as part of an integrative framework. The sample consisted of 167 Chilean fourth graders (age: M  = 10.16; SD  = 0.42), their mothers, and their teachers. Mediation analyses using a bootstrapping method confirmed the proposed integrative model, revealing a triple indirect effect, indicating that mothers’ self-transcendence values, maternal restrictive control, and children’s behavior regulation mediated the positive relation between maternal education and children’s school achievement, even after controlling for intelligence, age, and gender. Mothers with lower levels of education reported lower self-transcendence values and used more restrictive control. Further, children of mothers who often used maternal restrictive control showed lower behavior regulation and poorer school achievement. Thus, the results of this intracultural study contribute to a better understanding of the relation between maternal education and children’s school achievement. Implications of these findings for further research are addressed. Highlights Advancement of the understanding of psychological mechanisms underlying the positive relation between maternal education and children’s school achievement. Indirect effect of mother’s self-transcendence values, maternal restrictive control, and children’s behavior regulation on the relation between maternal education and children’s school achievement. Integrative model emphasizes the importance of maternal SES and values as well as parenting practices when understanding and predicting children’s outcomes.

Children’s behavior regulation development takes place in diverse sociocultural settings. In this study, we take a multilayer ecological perspective and examine cross-cultural as well as intra-cultural similarities and differences in relations between different aspects of contextual risks (i.e., family and neighborhood risk), maternal restrictive control, and children’s behavior regulation in Chile and Germany. One hundred sixty-seven mothers of primary school children in Chile and 109 mothers in Germany (total sample M (child age) = 10.01 years) completed questionnaires on family risk, parenting practices, and their child’s behavior regulation. Mothers in Germany rated children’s behavior regulation significantly higher than mothers in Chile. Further, in both cultural contexts (Chile, Germany), the higher the family risk, the higher was the use of maternal restrictive control and the lower the child’s behavior regulation. In Chile, after including maternal restrictive control, the relation between family risk and children’s behavior regulation remained significant. In Germany, in contrast, there was no direct significant relation between family risk and children’s behavior regulation, instead we found a significant indirect pathway via maternal restrictive control. Further, we investigated the moderating role of neighborhood risk, as distal contextual risk, for the relation between family risk and maternal restrictive control as well as for the relation between maternal restrictive control and children’s behavior regulation. We found no significant overall moderated mediation effect. However, findings in Chile and Germany revealed a conditional indirect effect indicating that family risk and behavior regulation were indirectly related via maternal restrictive control only when neighborhood risk was high. This underlines the need for an integrative consideration of the cultural context as well as family risk and neighborhood risk when investigating the role of maternal parenting for children’s behavior regulation development.HighlightsThis study takes an ecological perspective to investigate multilayer contextual aspects in relations between distal and proximal aspects of contextual risk, maternal parenting, and children’s behavior regulation in Chile and Germany.In both cultural contexts studied, we found that the higher family risk was, the higher was the reported maternal restrictive control and the lower children’s behavior regulation.In Chile, family risk and children’s behavior regulation were related directly as well as indirectly via maternal restrictive control. In Germany, family risk and children’s behavior regulation were not related directly but indirectly via maternal restrictive control.

The purpose of this study was to explore the factor structutre of the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS; Tangney, Baumeister y Boone, 2004) used as self-report with a sample of 151 children in Colombia (mean age 8.2 years, 50.33% girls and 49.66% boys) and 115 children in Chile (mean age 7.3 years, 53.04% girls and 49.95% boys). The scale was also answered by 80 of the Colombian children’s mothers (mean age 38.3 years) and the 115 mothers of the Chilean children (mean age 35.8 years) to evaluate their children’s self-control. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed a bidimensional structure in all samples and acceptable internal consistency values. However, the composition of the factors  Overall findings are discussed in terms of cultural differences in self-control socialization practices and the development of self-regulation during the initial primary school years. According to these findings, self-control assessment using the BSCS in this age group requires.adjustments.differed notably between countries and between mothers and children. El objetivo del estudio fue explorar la estructura factorial de la Brief Self-control Scale (BSCS; Tangney, Baumeister y Boone, 2004) aplicada como autorreporte a una muestra de 151 participantes en Colombia (edad promedio de 8.2 años, 50.33 % niñas y 49.66 % niños) y 115 participantes en Chile (edad promedio de 7.3 años, 53.04 % niñas y 49.95 % niños). La escala también fue respondida a modo de heterorreporte por 80 madres de los participantes colombianos (edad promedio de 38.3 años) y las 115 madres de los participantes chilenos (edad promedio de 35.8 años). El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) reveló soluciones bifactoriales en todas las muestras y valores de consistencia interna aceptables, aunque la composición de los factores difirió notablemente entre países y entre madres e hijos/as. Los hallazgos se discuten en términos de diferencias culturales en la socialización del autocontrol y en el desarrollo de la capacidad de autorregulación en los primeros años de la escuela primaria, por lo que se concluye que la medición del autoncontrol en este grupo etáreo mediante la BSCS requiere ajustes.

Purpose Since glioma therapy is currently still limited until today, new treatment options for this heterogeneous group of tumours are of great interest. Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are altered in various cancer entities, including gliomas. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the potential of eIFs as novel targets in glioma treatment. Methods We evaluated eIF protein expression and regulation in 22 glioblastoma patient-derived xenografts (GBM PDX) after treatment with established cytostatics and with regards to mutation profile analyses of GBM PDX. Results We observed decreased expression of several eIFs upon temozolomide (TMZ) treatment independent from the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/ AKT/ mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway. These effects of TMZ treatment were not present in TMZ-resistant PDX. Combination therapy of regorafenib and TMZ re- established the eIF/AKT/mTOR axis. Conclusion Our study provides novel insights into chemotherapeutic effects on eIF regulation in gliomas and suggests that eIFs are interesting candidates for future research to improve glioma therapy.