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Leadership with impact : preparing health and human service practitioners in the age of innovation and diversity
\"This book offers new ways of thinking and approaching complex problems through a conceptual and practical leadership approach founded on innovation and diversity. The I.D.D.E.A. Leadership Framework is introduced the goal of assisting health and human service practitioners with their design, implementation, and evaluation of innovative programs to help vulnerable populations and promote social change\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Impacts of forest restoration on water yield: A systematic review
Enhancing water provision services is a common target in forest restoration projects worldwide due to growing concerns over freshwater scarcity. However, whether or not forest cover expansion or restoration can improve water provision services is still unclear and highly disputed.
The goal of this review is to provide a balanced and impartial assessment of the impacts of forest restoration and forest cover expansion on water yields as informed by the scientific literature. Potential sources of bias on the results of papers published are also examined.
English, Spanish and Portuguese peer-review articles in Agricola, CAB Abstracts, ISI Web of Science, JSTOR, Google Scholar, and SciELO. Databases were searched through 2015.
Intervention terms included forest restoration, regeneration/regrowth, forest second-growth, forestation/afforestation, and forestry. Target terms included water yield/quantity, streamflow, discharge, channel runoff, and annual flow.
Articles were pre-selected based on key words in the title, abstract or text. Eligible articles addressed relevant interventions and targets and included quantitative information.
Most studies reported decreases in water yields following the intervention, while other hydrological benefits have been observed. However, relatively few studies focused specifically on forest restoration, especially with native species, and/or on projects done at large spatial or temporal scales. Information is especially limited for the humid tropics and subtropics.
While most studies reported a decrease in water yields, meta-analyses from a sub-set of studies suggest the potential influence of temporal and/or spatial scales on the outcomes of forest cover expansion or restoration projects. Given the many other benefits of forest restoration, improving our understanding of when and why forest restoration can lead to recovery of water yields is crucial to help improve positive outcomes and prevent unintended consequences. Our study identifies the critical types of studies and associated measurements needed.
Journal Article
The last universal common ancestor between ancient Earth chemistry and the onset of genetics
All known life forms trace back to a last universal common ancestor (LUCA) that witnessed the onset of Darwinian evolution. One can ask questions about LUCA in various ways, the most common way being to look for traits that are common to all cells, like ribosomes or the genetic code. With the availability of genomes, we can, however, also ask what genes are ancient by virtue of their phylogeny rather than by virtue of being universal. That approach, undertaken recently, leads to a different view of LUCA than we have had in the past, one that fits well with the harsh geochemical setting of early Earth and resembles the biology of prokaryotes that today inhabit the Earth's crust.
Journal Article
Sensory Ecology of Predator-Induced Phenotypic Plasticity
Ecological communities are organized in trophic levels that share manifold interactions forming complex food webs. Infochemicals can further modify these interactions, e.g., by inducing defenses in prey. The micro-crustacean
is able to respond to predator-specific chemical cues indicating an increased predation risk.
shows plastic responses by adapting its morphology, behavior, and physiology, increasing organism, and population fitness. This stabilizes community structures. This review will describe the progress that has been made in understanding the high degree of plasticity observed in the model crustacean
. I summarize current knowledge on the processes of predator detection, ranging from the nature of biologically active chemical cues to the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. With this, I aim to provide a comprehensive overview on the molecular mechanisms of
environmental phenotypic adaptation. In times of climate change and pollution understanding information transfer in aquatic systems is valuable as it will allow us to predict whether and how community structures are being affected.
Journal Article
Unifying functional trait approaches to understand the assemblage of ecological communities: synthesizing taxonomic divides
Functional traits have long been considered the ‘holy grail’ in community ecology due to their potential to link phenotypic variation with ecological processes. Advancements across taxonomic disciplines continue to support functional ecology's objective to approach generality in community assembly. However, a divergence of definitions, aims and methods across taxa has created discord, limiting the field's predictive capacity. Here, we provide a guide to support functional ecological comparisons across taxa. We describe advances in cross‐taxa functional research, identify gaps in approaches, synthesize definitions and unify methodological considerations. When deciding which traits to compare, particularly response traits, we advocate selecting functionally analogous traits that relate to community assembly processes. Finally, we describe at what scale and for which questions functional comparisons across taxa are useful and when other approaches may be more constructive. Our approach promotes standardized methods for integrative research across taxa to identify broad trends in community assembly.
Journal Article
Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes predict response to definitive chemoradiotherapy in head and neck cancer
Background:
We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes’ (TILs) expression in pretreatment specimens from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT).
Methods:
The prevalence of CD3+, CD8+, CD4+ and FOXP3+ TILs was assessed using immunohistochemistry in tumour tissue obtained from 101 patients before CRT and was correlated with clinicopathological characteristics as well as local failure-free- (LFFS), distant metastases free- (DMFS), progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Survival curves were measured using the Kaplan–Meier method, and differences in survival between the groups were estimated using the log-rank test. Prognostic effects of TIL subset density were determined using the Cox regression analysis.
Results:
With a mean follow-up of 25 months (range, 2.3–63 months), OS at 2 years was 57.4% for the entire cohort. Patients with high immunohistochemical CD3 and CD8 expression had significantly increased OS (
P
=0.024 and
P
=0.028), PFS (
P
=0.044 and
P
=0.047) and DMFS (
P
=0.021 and
P
=0.026) but not LFFS (
P
=0.90 and
P
=0.104) in multivariate analysis that included predictive clinicopathologic factors, such as age, sex, T-stage, N-stage, tumour grading and localisation. Neither CD4 nor FOXP3 expression showed significance for the clinical outcome. The lower N-stage was associated with improved OS in the multivariate analysis (
P
=0.049).
Conclusion:
The positive correlation between a high number of infiltrating CD3+ and CD8+ cells and clinical outcome indicates that TILs may have a beneficial role in HNSCC patients and may serve as a biomarker to identify patients likely to benefit from definitive CRT.
Journal Article
On the Influence of AlSi10Mg Powder Recycling Behavior in the LPBF Process and Consequences for Mechanical Properties
By using additive manufacturing techniques like the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process, parts can be manufactured with high material efficiency because unfused powder material can be reconditioned and reused in consecutive manufacturing jobs. Nevertheless, process by-products like spatters may influence the powder quality and hence alter the mechanical properties/performance of parts. In order to investigate these dependencies, a methodology and a standard build job for the recycling behavior of the lightweight aluminum alloy AlSi10Mg was developed and built with ageing powder in 10 consecutive jobs with no refreshing between the cycles. The powder properties and mechanical performance of parts at static load for two build directions (horizontally and vertically to substrate plate) was evaluated. The influence of build height effects on mechanical performance was investigated as well. The findings may indicate that the coarsening of the powder material during recycling could lead to improved mechanical properties for the AlSi10Mg alloy.
Journal Article
The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor
The concept of a last universal common ancestor of all cells (LUCA, or the progenote) is central to the study of early evolution and life's origin, yet information about how and where LUCA lived is lacking. We investigated all clusters and phylogenetic trees for 6.1 million protein coding genes from sequenced prokaryotic genomes in order to reconstruct the microbial ecology of LUCA. Among 286,514 protein clusters, we identified 355 protein families (∼0.1%) that trace to LUCA by phylogenetic criteria. Because these proteins are not universally distributed, they can shed light on LUCA's physiology. Their functions, properties and prosthetic groups depict LUCA as anaerobic, CO
2
-fixing, H
2
-dependent with a Wood–Ljungdahl pathway, N
2
-fixing and thermophilic. LUCA's biochemistry was replete with FeS clusters and radical reaction mechanisms. Its cofactors reveal dependence upon transition metals, flavins,
S
-adenosyl methionine, coenzyme A, ferredoxin, molybdopterin, corrins and selenium. Its genetic code required nucleoside modifications and
S
-adenosyl methionine-dependent methylations. The 355 phylogenies identify clostridia and methanogens, whose modern lifestyles resemble that of LUCA, as basal among their respective domains. LUCA inhabited a geochemically active environment rich in H
2
, CO
2
and iron. The data support the theory of an autotrophic origin of life involving the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway in a hydrothermal setting.
A phylogenetic approach was used to illuminate the physiology of the last universal common ancestor, supporting the theory that LUCA was an H
2
-dependent autotroph in a hydrothermal setting rich in hydrogen, carbon dioxide and iron.
Journal Article
Thwarting predators? A three-dimensional perspective of morphological alterations in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia
Predation is a major selective agent, so that many taxa evolved phenotypically plastic defensive mechanisms. Among them are many species of the microcrustacean genus Daphnia , which respond to an increased predation risk by developing inducible morphological alterations. Some of these features are obvious and easily recognized, e.g., crests in D . longicephala , while others are rather hidden, such as the bulkier shape of D . magna induced by the presence of the tadpole shrimp Triops . In this study we investigated the extraordinary diversity of morphological adaptations in the presence of predators with different foraging strategies in six predator-prey systems. For the first time we were able to analyze the unexposed and predator-exposed morphs comprehensively using three-dimensional scanning and reconstruction. We show that morphological changes are manifold in appearance between species and predators, and go beyond what has been known from previous 2D analyses. This further demonstrates the enormous trait flexibility of Daphnia . Interestingly, we found that among this variety some species share morphological strategies to counter a predator, while others use a different strategy against the same predator. Based on these intra- and interspecific comparisons, we discuss the mechanisms by which the respective defense might operate. These data therefore contribute to a deeper understanding of the inducible defenses’ morphology as well as their diversified modes of operation in Daphnia , being a cornerstone for subsequent investigations, including the determination of costs associated with morphological change.
Journal Article