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Background The natural history of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) deficiency includes the development of arthrosis in the patellofemoral joint (PFJ). The purpose of this biomechanical study was to evaluate the hypothesis that dynamic bracing reduces PFJ pressures in PCL- and combined PCL/posterolateral corner (PLC)-deficient knees. Study Design: Controlled Laboratory Study. Methods Eight fresh frozen cadaveric knees with intact cruciate and collateral ligaments were included. PFJ pressures and force were measured using a pressure mapping system via a lateral arthrotomy at knee flexion angles of 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120° in intact, PCL-deficient, and PCL/PLC-deficient knees under a combined quadriceps/hamstrings load of 400 N/200 N. Testing was then repeated in PCL- and PCL/PLC-deficient knees after application of a dynamic PCL brace. Results Application of a dynamic PCL brace led to a reduction in peak PFJ pressures in PCL-deficient knees. In addition, the brace led to a significant reduction in peak pressures in PCL/PLC-deficient knees at 60°, 90°, and 120° of flexion. Application of the dynamic brace also led to a reduction in total PFJ force across all flexion angles for both PCL- and PCL/PLC-deficient knees. Conclusion Dynamic bracing reduces PFJ pressures in PCL- and combined PCL/PLC-deficient knees, particularly at high degrees of knee flexion.

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune condition presenting with a wide variety of nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms. It can be difficult to diagnose due to the vagueness of complaints such as diarrhea, anemia due to malabsorption, vitamin or electrolyte deficiencies, and/or failure to thrive. This condition is characterized by a sensitivity to ingested gluten-containing compounds. Blood tests can be used for screening, though confirmatory testing by a small intestine biopsy is needed for diagnosis. Viral infections can trigger autoimmune conditions in individuals. It is possible that viral infections, such as Ebsetein-Barr virus(EBV) or Cytomegalovirus (CMV), can trigger the clinical presentation of celiac disease in certain individuals with genetic predispositions. Early recognition of celiac disease is important to prevent both short and long-term complications and improve the quality of life for the individual. Here, we discuss a case where the patient developed celiac disease only months after a diagnosis of mononucleosis.

The incidence of distal femoral periprosthetic fractures associated with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been reported as 0.3% to 2.5%. This study examined the incidence of distal femoral periprosthetic fractures at one hospital over a 16-year period. We hypothesized that the incidence of these fractures would be lowered after the introduction of lugged femoral implants and insertion of a distal femoral intramedullary bone graft during TKA. From 1994 to 2010, 4,943 primary TKAs were performed. Following these TKA operations, 21 distal femoral fractures occurred. The surgical technique and implant design changed during this interval. Lugged femoral implants were introduced in 2000. Intramedullary bone grafting of the distal femoral intramedullary guide hole was introduced in 2002. The incidence of distal femoral periprosthetic fracture in this series of 4,943 TKA operations was 0.42% (21/4943). Six fractures occurred in 1,236 knees with femoral implants without femoral fixation lugs (0.49%). Fifteen fractures occurred in 3,707 knees with femoral implants with femoral fixation lugs (0.40%). Eight fractures occurred in 1,653 knees that did not have intramedullary bone grafts (0.48%). Thirteen fractures occurred in 3,290 knees that had intramedullary bone grafts (0.40%). Two fractures occurred in 417 knees with lugged femoral implants and no bone graft (0.48%). In this series, there was no significant difference in the incidence of distal femoral periprosthetic fractures associated with adding fixation lugs to the femoral implant and filling the femoral intramedullary hole with bone graft.